Kuberekwa kwenzira yekutsvaga maitiro uye mupfungwa-manzwiro emunhu pane imwe nguva yekutumirwa kunoreva kuzana remakore re XVII. Pazvakabva maiva mazivikidzi akakurumbira ainzi R. Descartes, D. Locke nevamwe vakaedza kunzwisisa mikana yemurume uyo akazvinyatsoongorora zvaanoita uye mukati mekunzwa.
Chii chinonzi introspection?
Kunyangwe iyi iri izwi risinganzwisisiki rinoshandiswa mune zvepfungwa uye zvinoreva "tarisa mukati," kufungidzira kunozivikanwa kune vazhinji vedu. Hapana mumwe munhu asingaedzi kunzwisisa zvaanoita mune izvi kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu, achiongorora migumisiro yaro. Uye vashomanana vanhu vanofungidzira kuti panguva ino anoputirwa mune imwe nyika iyo inongoratidzika sekwanisi yekutaura.
Nokudaro, kufungidzira ndeimwe yenzira dzekudzika-ruzivo ruzivo, apo munhu anogona kuzviongorora achizvimiririra:
- zviito;
- manzwiro;
- pfungwa;
- manzwiro;
- vavariro dzinoita muuropi.
Kujekesa muPsychology
Kukwanisa kujekesa chipo chipo; havasi vose vane ruzivo rwavo, uye kunyange avo avo vanopiwa kune avo havasi kushandisa nguva dzose nounyanzvi, vachichiita kuti vazvida, apo panguva yekuongororwa kwezviitiko kungongororwa chete kunobhadharwa kune pfungwa dzisina kunaka uye manzwiro. Inogona kusvika samoyedstva, apo pane zvose zvakaitika nyaya yacho inopomera iye oga. Kusiyana nezviito izvi zvinoparadza, kufungidzira mune zvepfungwa ndiko kuongorora kunobvumira kuongororwa kunangwa kwehutano uye nemamiriro ehupenyu pasina kuzvipa mhosva uye kuzvidemba.
Kunyatsoziva
Nzira yekutangisa pfungwa mumagariro evanhu, semhando ipi zvayo yekutsvakurudza, inogona kuva nemafungiro akanaka uye akaipa, nokuti chimiro chepfungwa cheumwe neumwe chakasiyana, uye hazvibviri kupa mazano akakodzera kumunhu wose. Kunyange zvakadaro, nzira yekufungidzira inoshandiswa kutarisa mamiriro evanhu yakaratidzwa mamwe maitiro akafanana nawo. Pakati pezvakanaka ndezvi:
- ruzivo rwemaitiro avo, zvakakosha uye zvinorambidzwa;
- mukana wekuzvivandudza;
- "Yakapfigwa" kubva kunze kwekuona zvinhu zvose zvinoitika kune munhu.
Kana zviri izvo zvisina kunaka zvemuitiro iwoyo, vatsvakurudzi pano vanongozviti imwe chete: mafungiro ezvinyengeri pachavo muhuwandu hwakawanda huripo. Inowedzera kubva kuongororo: "Ndinoregerera ini, mudikanwi wangu," kune: "Izvo zvose zvandinokanganisa, nokuti ndakaipa (kukanganisa, udyire, nezvimwewo)." Kubhadhara mutero kune kuongorora kwemukati kunokosha kune mumwe munhu, nyanzvi haazvifungi nesayenzi.
Kunyatsoziva uye kufungidzira
Pakati penzira yekuisa pfungwa uye kufungidzira pane dzimwe nguva inoisa chiratidzo chakaenzana, zvinoreva kuti dzidzo yezvinhu zvavari kwavari ndeyeyechete: mukati mekunzwa manzwiro kune zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana, apo kuongororwa kunopiwa nehurukuro, uyo anowanzoti "mucherechedzo wekuona". Asi nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti kufungidzira uye kufungidzira kune kusiyana kukuru:
- kuzviona ndiyo nzira yekuwana ruzivo pamusoro pemamiriro ekufunga uye mupfungwa wemunhu kubva kwaari;
- kufungidzira - kushandiswa kwemashoko akawanikwa semagumisiro ekutaura.
Kufungisisa uye kufungidzira kwakasiyana-siyana. Kukurukurirana pakati pekufungidzira uye kufungidzira kunonakidza senzira mbiri dzinowedzera hutsvene hwezvidzidzo zvehupenyu hwepfungwa dzemumwe munhu. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinobvumirana kuti zvose zviri zviviri zvinokosha: introspection uye kufungisisa; musiyano ndewokuti yekare "mhinduro" yemweya, kuongorora maitiro ayo kune zviito zvakaitwa, uye wechipiri-kumuviri, kupa ruzivo pamusoro pezviito zvake.
Mhando dzekushambadzira mune zvepfungwa
Nhoroondo yezvakabva mumugwagwa wakabereka kune mamwe marudzi ekutsvaga, akawanikwa nevasayendisiti vanobva kune dzakasiyana-siyana dzeEuropean philosophy and psychological schools. Pakati pavo pane:
- kurongeka, kubvumira kuongorora kuoneka kwemafungiro nemanzwiro mukudzoka, kureva, mushure mekutumwa kwezviito zvemwe;
- Kuongorora, sekunge kusanganisa manzwiro, kuvhiringidza muzvikamu zviduku uye kuvaratidza kubva panguva yekuumbwa kwekuratidzwa;
- phenomenological introspection - kuzviona-kutarisa, kushandiswa muGestalt psychology, apo kuongorora kwemukati mamiriro evanhu kunoitika zvinotsanangurwa, pasina kukonzera kushungurudzika mupfungwa.
Mune zvimwe zvinyorwa zvesayenzi, chimwe chiitiko chekufungidzira chinosarudzwa, nenzira iyo inogona kuitika kakawanda kuongorora kushushikana kwemunhu wemunhu kuzviito zvehupenyu hunoramba huripo. Mukuita kudaro, inopa maitiro ekuzvimirira oga maitiro ekucherechedza. Kusvikira kutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, kutaurirana kwekutanga kwaionekwa seyo nzira chete inoshanda yekudzidza manzwiro emunhu.