Zvirwere zveCromosomal zvirwere zvekuzvarwa, izvo zvinokonzerwa nekushandurwa kwechimiro kana nhamba yemakromosomes. Iri boka rezvirwere rinosanganisirawo izvo zvinokonzerwa nekuchinja kwemagemu. Pane zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nekuchinja kunoitika mumasero epabonde evabereki.
Pfungwa yezvirwere zvechromosomal
Iyi iboka guru rezvirwere zvekuzvarwa, izvo zvinosanganisira imwe yenzvimbo dzinotungamira mune urongwa hwehutano hwemunhu hwemunhu. Zvidzidzo zve-Cytological zvezvinhu kubva pakutanga kubvisa pamuviri zvinoratidza kuti zvirwere zvevanhu zvechromosomal zvinogona kuzviratidza ivo kunyange mumama. Icho chikonzero, chirwere chacho chinowedzera mukugadzirwa kwehutano kana mumatanho ekutanga ekuparadzaniswa kwe zygote.
Mhando dzezvirwere zvechromosomal
Nyanzvi dzinowanzoparadzanisa zvirwere zvose mumarudzi matatu makuru. Kuenzanisa kwezvirwere zvechromosomal kunobva pakaputsika:
- ploidy;
- nhamba ye chromosomes;
- chimiro chromosomes.
Izvo zvinonyanya kusakanganisika zvinokonzerwa nekuputsa kweploidy - triploid uye tetralopodium. Kuchinja kwakadaro, sekutonga, kwakagadzirirwa chete mumashoko akawanikwa sekuguma kwekubvisa pamuviri. Imhosva yega yega yekusununguka kwevana vane matambudziko akafanana anozivikanwa, uye nguva dzose vaipindira nehupenyu hwehupenyu huripo. Triploidy inokonzerwa nekugadziriswa kweioploid ovules ne haploid spermatozoa kana zvimwewo. Dzimwe nguva zvinonyadzisa ndezvikonzero zvekudyara kwechimwe chimuviri ne spermatozoa.
Chromosome number disorder
Muzviitiko zvakawanda, zvirwere zvechromosomal, izvo zvakaguma nekuputsa kwenhamba yemakromosomes, zvinoratidzwa nehutu hwemososomi kana trisomy. Pakupedzisira, zvose zvitatu nucleoprotein zvivako ndiwo homologues. Pakutanga kukanganisa kwenhamba yekromosomes, chimwe chezvikamu zviviri zviripo pane zvakasara chinoramba chiri chimiro. Izvo zvose zvinokonzerwa chete nekromosome X, nokuti embryo nedzimwe nheyo dzinofa kare-kare kunyange pamatanho ekutanga ekutambisa intrauterine.
Kushungurudzika kwekromosome yakarongwa
Zvirwere zvinokurwisana nechemberi kwechromosome chirwere chekurwara zvinomiririrwa neboka guru re syndromes rine mono- kana trisomi isina kukwana. Dzinomuka apo pane maitiro ehutano muvabereki vepabonde masero. Kushungurudzika kwakadaro kunobata kukora kwekugadzirisa. Nemhaka yeizvi, mu meiosis, kune kurasikirwa kana kuwandisa kwezvimedu zve nucleoprotein zvivako. Chikamu chromosomal chisina kunaka chinogona kuonekwa mune chero chromosomes.
Zvinokonzera zvirwere zvechromosomal
Masayendisiti kwenguva yakareba akashanda panyaya iyi. Sezvazvakaitika, chromosomal kuchinja kwechirwere ichi chinokonzera. Zvinotungamirira kumisiyano muhutano nemabasa ezvigadzirwa zve nucleoprotein. Uzive kwete chete zvinokonzera zvirwere zvechromosomal, asiwo zvinhu zvinokwanisa kugonesa kuchinja. Kuve ne:
- zvinyorwa zvomunhu asina kunaka;
- genotype yemuviri;
- chinyorwa chekusaly;
- ukuru hwekushayikwa kana kuwedzerwa kwemajini (nekushungurudzwa kwemashoko);
- chiyero chemasikiramu emasikirwo emashizha (izvo chete masero anenge akatsauka mukugadzirisa kana kushanda anongororwa).
Chromosomal Diseases - Rongedzo
Gore roga roga, rinoshandurwa nemazita mitsva - zvirwere zviri kuongororwa nguva dzose. Tichifunga nezvechirwere che chromosomal, chinonyanya kuzivikanwa nhasi ndechekuti:
- Down Syndrome. Izvo zvinoitika nekuda kwetrisomy. Izvi zvinoreva, nokuti mumasero maiva nemakopi matatu echromosome yechi21, pane maviri. Sezvo mutemo, sarudzo "isina kunaka" inotamirwa kumucheche kubva kuna amai.
- Klinefelter's syndrome. Ichi chirwere chromosomal hachionekwi pakarepo pakuberekwa, asi pashure pekupera. Somugumisiro wekutsauka uku, varume vanogamuchira kubva kune imwe kusvika kune matatu X chromosomes uye vanorasikirwa nemukana wekuva nevana.
- Myopia. Myopia inopesana nehutachiona, nekuda kwekuti chifananidzo chacho hachiumbwa kwete painofanirwa kuva - pane retina yeziso - asi pamberi payo. Chikonzero chikuru che dambudziko iri ndowokuwedzera muziso reziso mumarefu.
- Ratidza kupofumadza. Ruvara rwakapofumadza harugoni kusiyanisa imwe kana mimwe miviri panguva imwe chete. Chikonzero-mu "chine mhosva" chromosome X, yakagamuchirwa kubva kuna amai. Mune zvepabonde zvakasimba, kuparadzanisa uku kunowanzoitika kakawanda, nokuti sevanhu, X-chimiro chimwe chete, uye "kugadzirisa kukanganisa" - sezvinoitika munyaya yezvisikwa zvevakadzi - masero avo haagoni.
- Hemophilia. Zvirwere zveCromosomal zvinogona kuratidzwa nekuputsa ropa coagulability.
- Migraine. Chirwere ichi, chinoratidzwa nekutambudzika kwakanyanya mumusoro, chakagara nhaka.
- Cystic fibrosis. Nokuti urwere uhwu kuputsa kwezvinyorwa zvekunze kwekunze. Vanhu vane chirwere ichi vanotambura nokuputika kukuru, kuparadzaniswa kwakawanda kwemukoko, kuunganidza mumuviri uye kupindirana nekushanda kwakakodzera kwemapapu.
Nzira dzekucherechedza zvirwere zvechromosomal
Kukurukurirana kweGenesis, sekutonga, tsvaka kubatsirwa nenzira dzakadaro:
- Genealogical. Iko kuunganidza uye kuongororwa kwemashoko pane murwere wechipiri. Iyi nzira inoita kuti zvive nyore kunzwisisa kana chirwere chacho chiri nhaka uye, kana zvakadaro, chengetedza rudzi rwemhaka.
- Kutora chirwere. Inoziva zvirwere zvehutachiwana hwemucheche, iyo iri muchizvaro panguva yevhiki 14-16 yekudzivirira. Kana kusakosha mune amniotic fluid kunoonekwa ne autosomes, kubvisa pamuviri kunogona kuitwa.
- Cytogenetic. Yakashandiswa kuzivisa syndromes uye kusakanganisika.
- Biochemical. Inotsanangurira chirwere ichi uye inobatsira kuziva mazamu akasiyana-siyana.
Kurapa kwezvirwere zvechromosomal
Utachiona hahubatsiri nguva dzose kubvisa chirwere ichi, asi chinogona kuchitonhora. Chromosomal kusagadzikana kwema fetus inobatwa nenzira dzakadaro:
- Dietotherapy. Anofunga kuwedzera kana kubviswa kubva pakudya kweimwe zvinhu.
- Zvinodhaka. Inoshandiswa kukanganisa nzira dze enzyme synthesis.
- Mushonga wokuvhiya. Inobatsira kutsungirira kuberekwa kwemwoyo kunokonzera , mapfupa akasiyana-siyana emapfupa uye marwadzo.
- Substitution therapy. Chinonyanya kukosha chiri mukubhadhara kwezvinhu izvo zvisina kuumbwa mumuviri pachako.
Kakawanda kwezvirwere zvechromosomal
Kazhinji, chromosomal kusagadzikana kwevanhu kunowanikwa mune zvinhu zvakagadziriswa semugumisiro wekubvisa pamuviri kamwechete kwakagadzirwa mumutatu wekutanga. Zvose zvinowanzoputsika mukati mehuwandu hazvisi izvo zvakanyanya uye zvinenge 1%. Vana vane ruzivo rwemafuro anogonawo kuberekerwa nevabereki vane utano. Vasikana vasati vaberekwa nevakomana, sechirwere chinoratidzira, vanobatwa nezvirwere zvechromosomal vane nguva yakafanana.