- Ona: matongo
- Kureba: 4000 m pamusoro pegungwa
- Zuva rokutanga kwemuchuko: makore anenge 15 000 apfuura
Tiwanaku (Spanish Tiahuanaco) - ichi ndicho chinonyanya kuzivikanwa, chinoshamisa uye chinonyanya kushandiswa chinonzi Bolivia . Tiwanaku iguta rekare uye pakati penyika yakabudirira yakavapo nguva refu musati yamboitika Inca. Icho chiri pedyo neLake Titicaca panzvimbo yakakwirira mamita 4 000 pamusoro pegungwa, muDhipatimendi reLa Paz .
Kune masayendisiti nevatsvakurudzi, zvinoramba zvisingazivikanwi kuti vanhu vekare, vasina michina yakakosha, vakakwanisa kuvaka zvivako zvematombo zvinorema matani mazana maviri, uye nei chibudiro ichi chikuru chakawira mukuora. Ngatitarisirei kuti nekufamba kwenguva zvakavanzika zvose zveguta iri risingazivikanwi richazarurwa, asi ikozvino ngatitarisei nhoroondo yeiyo chiratidzo cheBolivia .
Iyo yekare yehupenyu hweTiwanaku
Tiwanaku akasimuka kwenguva refu mberi kwekubudirira kweInca uye akavepo kwemazana mazana maviri emakore, akaparara zvachose makore anopfuura 1000 apfuura. Nyika yeTiwanaku yakatora nharaunda kubva paLake Titicaca kusvika kuArgentine, asi pasinei nesimba rayo, Tiwanaku haana kubatanidzwa mune chero hondo, iyo inotsigirwa nemapuranga makuru: hapana chimwe chisimbiso chekushandiswa kwezvombo.
Nheyo yemitemo yevagari veTiwanaku muBolivia yaiva kunamatira kwezuva, michero yaro maIndia ekare aiona goridhe. Ndarama yakanga yakashongedzwa nezvivakwa zvitsvene, ndarama yakanga yakapfekedzwa nevapristi, kuratidza kuwirirana neSuva. Zvinosuruvarisa, zvidimbu zvakawanda zvegoridhe zvehupenyu hweTiwanaku zvakabiwa munguva yekuSpain yekoloni, yakanyunguduka pasi kana kutengeswa pamusika. Zvakawanda zvezvinhu izvi zvegoridhe zvinokwanisa kuonekwa mumagadziro ega ega.
Economy of Tiwanaku
Upfumi hwenyika iyi hwakavakwa pahekeri mazana maviri emunda, vagari vemo vanozvipa ivo pachavo, vanoita zvekurima. Kuti vawane zvibereko zvakanaka mumamiriro ekunze asina kunaka, mounds uye irrigation system yakavakwa pano, iyo inozivikanwa seyakanyanya yakaoma agro-system yenyika yekare. Nenzira, urongwa uhwu hwakapona kusvikira nhasi.
Mukuwedzera kune zvekurima, vagari vepakutanga veTiwanaku muBolivia vakanga vabatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemiti yemicaramic, iyo inogona kuonekwa mumusamuziyamu wechitsuwa chePariti. Zvinosuruvarisa, nhamba shomanana yemidziyo yemakerami yakasvika kwatiri, nokuti kurohwa kwavo kwaisanganiswa mumitambo mitsvene.
Zvivako zveguta reTianwuaco
Hasi zvivako zvose zvakapfuura muedzo wenguva, asi zvakadaro dzimwe dzimba dzinogona kuonekwa kunyange nhasi:
- "Hangman Inca" - chaizvoizvo iyo inotarisirwa kuongorora nyeredzi, iyo isina chokuita nechinzvimbo chekuurayiwa, kunyanya neIncas. Iyo yekucherechedza yakavakwa makore anopfuura 4 000 akapfuura, uye mukati mamasvingo ayo masayendisiti ekare akaunganidza matanho emvura, mapurisa emabasa ekuraira, mazuva ezhizha uye echando equinox. Iyo Hangman yeInas yakavhurwa muna 1978.
- Imba yeKalasasaya imwe yezvivako zvakakura muguta reTiaunako. Masvingo eimba iyi akavakwa nematombo makuru uye ane nzvimbo yakasvikako. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti injini dzenguva iyoyo dzaive nehutano hwakasiyana-siyana, hukwanisa kuverenga kukosha kwakakwana kwechikwata uye chidiro chaidiwa chekusarura. Temberi ine chinhu chinonakidza-gomba muchitarisiko chenzeve chakaita kuti vatongi vanzwe vanhu vachitaura vari kure uye vataurirane.
- Gedhi reZuva chikamu cheTemberi yeKalasasaya uye chivako chinonyanya kuzivikanwa chevanhu vechiTiwanaku, vane chinangwa chisati chagadziriswa. Pasi pebwe racho rakashongedzwa nemifananidzo, kumusoro kwegedhi kunorongedzwa nezuva-munhu ane tsvimbo mbiri mumaoko ake. Pasi pesuwo mune mwedzi gumi nemaviri, iyo inofanirana nekarenda yemazuva ano.
- Iyo piramidi yeAkapan ndiyo temberi yamwari Pachamama (Amai Pasi). Iyo piramidi ine mazinga manomwe, kureba kwayo kunosvika mamiriyoni 200. Pachigarire chekupedzisira che piramidi kune chekucherechedza nenzira yebhaini, iyo iyo maIndia ekare akadzidza nyeredzi, yakaita kuverenga pane nyeredzi. Mukati piramidhi kune mhepo pasi pemvura, iyo mvura inonaya kubva kumusoro kweGomo Akapan.
- Zvifananidzo. Nharaunda yeguta reTiwanaku yakashongedzwa nemifananidzo yakawanda yevanhu. Iyo yakavezwa kubva kune monolith uye yakafukidzwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinotaurira nyaya dzakasiyana kubva muupenyu hwehupenyu hwekare hweTiwanaku.
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Tiwanako Technologies
Kusvikira nhasi uno zvinoramba zvisingazivikanwi kuti maTanwan vekare vekuTiwanako vaishandiswa sei kugadzirisa dombo kubva pane zvinhu zvikuru zveguta reTiwanaku muBolivia zvakavakwa uye kuti vakavanunura sei kubva kumakamuri anenge 80 km kubva kuguta kuenda kunzvimbo yekuvaka. Maonero emasayendisiti anongotarisa chinhu chimwe chete: vavaki veguta reTiwanaku muBolivia vane ruzivo rwakawanda uye ruzivo rwakawanda, nokuti munguva yedu kutakura mabwe makuru akadaro zvinenge zvisingaiti basa.
Sunset huri kubudirira Tiwanaku
Maererano nemasayendisiti akawanda, kupera kwehupenyu hweTiwanaku kwakaitika nekuda kwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze: muSouth America kwezana rose remakore, kwete masendimita emvura yakaderera, uye hapana ruzivo uye teknolojia yakabatsira kuchengetedza mbeu. Vagari vakabva muguta reTiaunako, vachivanda mumisha miduku yemakomo, uye kubudirira kwakakura kwaivepo kwemakore mazana maviri, kwakaparadzwa zvachose. Asi pane imwe pfungwa: hupfumi hweTiwanaku hwakanyangarika nekuda kwedambudziko rechisikirwo, izvo zvisiri izvo zvisingazivikanwi.
How to get to Tiwanaku?
Iwe unogona kusvika kumatongo kubva kuLa Paz nebhasivha yebhasivari (iyo mari yekufambisa mabhilivars gumi nemashanu) kana sechikamu chezvikwata zvekufamba (munyaya ino mari yekufamba uye kufamba kwacho kunodhura mabhiriyoni 80). Kupinda kunharaunda yeTiwanako inobhadharwa, zvinokubhadhara makumi masere makumi mapfumbamwe.