Ndezvipi zviri nani - kuva muchikamu chekutonga kana kuti kuramba uchida zvematongerwo enyika uye kuedza kunzwisisa uye kugamuchira mafungiro eumwe munhu? Mumwe nomumwe wedu anosarudza zvake, chii chiri pedyo. Kune mhepo dzakawanda dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoratidza nzvimbo yevanhu. Chii chinonzi nihilism, uye ndeapi mazano ekunyengedza - tinokurudzira kuti tinzwisise.
Nihilism - chii ichocho?
Zvose zvinotsanangurwa zvinoreva kuti nihilism ndeye nyika yose inokonzera kusava nechokwadi pamitemo inogamuchirwa yakawanda, mitemo yetsika uye tsika. Mumwe anogona kuwana tsanangudzo yekusava nehanya, kukanganisa kwakakwana kwehutano hwevanhu uye hwetsika uye pfungwa. Zvinonzwisisika kuti tsanangudzo yezwi iri nekuratidzwa kwayo panguva dzakasiyana yakasiyana uye yakatsigira pane tsika uye zvakaitika kare.
Zvakakosha kutaura pamusoro peihilism nemigumisiro yaro. Munyika yanhasi, inowanzokwanisika kunzwa hurukuro pamusoro pekuti ingave yakapiwa chirwere kana chirwere chekurapa. Huzivo hwevatsigiri vemamiriro aya anoramba maitiro akadaro:
- mitemo yetsika;
- rudo;
- nature;
- unyanzvi.
Zvisinei, tsika dzevanhu dzinovakirwa pazvirevo izvi. Munhu wose anofanira kunzwisisa kuti munyika mune maitiro, kusagadzikana kwacho hakugoneki. Pakati pavo - rudo rwehupenyu, kune vanhu, chido chokufara uye kunakidzwa nokunaka. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, migumisiro yekuramba kwakadaro ingave isina kunaka kune vatsigiri veiyo mutungamiri. Sezvakasarudzwa, mushure mechinguva munhu anoziva kusarurama kwekutonga kwake uye anoramba kugamuchira nihilism.
Ndiani anonzi Nihilist?
Pasi nihilism kunzwisisa nzvimbo inokosha yekuramba. A nihilist munhu anoramba mitemo uye tsika dzinogamuchirwa munzanga. Mukuwedzera, vanhu vakadaro havafungi kuti zvakakosha kukotamira pamberi pevane simba uye zvishoma mune izvo uye mavari vatendi. Uyezve, kwavari, kunyange simba rezvinyorwa hazvina basa. Zvinonakidza kuti iyi pfungwa yakatanga kuonekwa muMiddle Ages, apo pakanga paine kuramba kwehupo uye kutenda munaKristu. Mushure mechinguva, maitiro matsva eaihilism akaonekwa.
Nihilism - inotsigira uye inopera
Izwi rekuti nihilism sekuramba kwemazuva ano rinoratidza mafungiro asina kunaka eimwe nyaya kune dzimwe tsika, maonero, maitiro, zvinangwa. Icho chimiro chekunzwa kwenyika uye yehumwe hukama hwemagariro evanhu. Sekuda kwekufunga kwevanhu, nhilism yakamuka kare kare, asi yakawana mukurumbira muzana remakore rapfuura munyika dzeWestern Europe neRussia. Ipapo akabatanidzwa nemazita aJacob, Proudhon, Nietzsche, Stirner, Bakunin, Kropotkin. Iyi pfungwa inobatsira uye yakaipa. Pakati pezvakanaka zveihilism:
- Unyanzvi hwemunhu kuratidza unhu hwake.
- Kukwanisa kwomumwe munhu kuzvitaura pachake, kuzvidzivirira maonero ake.
- Kutsvaga uye mukana wekuwanikwa kutsva.
Zvisinei, pane vazhinji vanopikisa nhihilism. Vanodana zvikanganiso zvinotevera:
- Zvikamu zvekutonga, zvichiunza njodzi kune nihilist pachake.
- Hazvikwanisi kuenderera mberi kune maonero ako.
- Kusanzwisiswa nevamwe.
Mitauro yeNihilism
Pfungwa yakadai sokuti nihilism munzanga yanhasi yakakamurwa kuva marudzi mazhinji, iyo huru ndeyokuti:
- Mereologichesky inzvimbo yakajeka mufilosofi, kusimbisa kuti zvinhu zvinosanganisira zvikamu zvisipo.
- Chimiro-chimiro-chirevo mufilosofi, iyo inotaura kuti kuvepo kwezvinhu zviripo hazvirevi.
- Epistemological - kurega ruzivo.
- Maitiro ndeye metaitikiti pfungwa yokuti hapana chinogona kuita unzenza kana tsika.
- Mutemo - kushanda kana kusatenda kwemabasa emunhu uye mitemo nemitemo yakagadzwa nehurumende.
- Chitendero - kuramba uye kunyange dzimwe nguva kupandukira chitendero.
- Geographical - kuramba, kusanzwisiswa, kusashandisa zvisina kunaka nzvimbo dzenharaunda.
Legal nihilism
Nekutenderwa kwemitemo kunzwisiswa kukaramba mutemo sechimiro chemasangano evanhu, uyewo nzira yemitemo yekufambisa inobudirira kugadzirisa ukama hwevanhu. Iyi nhetilism yepamutemo inosvika pakuramba kwemitemo, zvichiita kuti zviito zvisiri pamutemo, mhirizhonga pamwe nekudziviswa kwemutemo. Zvinokonzera nhesilism yepamutemo zvinogona kuva:
- Mitemo haigoni kufarira zvinodiwa nevagari vemo.
- Historical midzi.
- Kusiyana kwemasayenzi ezvesayenzi.
Maitiro nihilism
Shanduro nyanzvi inoti zvinorevei zvinoreva uye kuti ndezvipi zvaro. Nhilismisi yetsika ndiyo meta-nzvimbo, maererano nezvisingabviri kuita unzenza kana tsika. Mumwe mubatsiri weiyilism iyi inotora kuti kuponda, pasinei nemigumisiro nemamiriro ezvinhu, haigoni kunzi basa rakanaka kana rakaipa. Unyanzvi hwehutsika hunofambidzana nehutano hwemitemo, kucherechedza zvitsanangudzo zvimwe zvingangove zvechokwadi uyewo zvenhema mupfungwa, asi haabvumi chokwadi chavo chinangwa.
Vechidiki vechidiki
Anozivikanwa pamusoro pechirevo chekuti nihilism uye vechidiki. Kakawanda mukuyaruka, vana vanoda kuzvinzwisisa zviri nani uye kusarudza nzira yavo yehupenyu . Zvisinei, hazvishamisi kuti wechidiki arambe zvakawanda. Ichi chiito chinonzi huduku hunoshandiswa. Kurudzika kwevechidiki, kufanana nehuwandu hwemadiki, hune simba uye dzimwe nguva kunyange hunova nemanzwiro akajeka kusagutsikana kwechimwe chinhu. Rudzi urwu rwekunyengedza runogona kuva ruchizvarwa kwete kune vechidiki nevakomana chete, asiwo kuvanhu vane manzwiro emakore akasiyana uye vanozviratidza mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana:
- muchitendero;
- mune tsika;
- muupenyu hwevanhu;
- muzivo;
- mune kodzero.
Mereological Nihilism
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakurumbira zvemaonero akadaro sekuti nihilism munguva yedu ndiyo Molecular imwe. Pasi payo zvinogamuchirwa kuti unzwisise imwe nzvimbo yefilosofi maererano nezvinoitwa zvinhu zvikamu zvisipo, asi pane zvinhu zvekutanga zvisingasanganisi zvikamu. Muenzaniso isango. Iyo nihilist ine chokwadi chokuti muchokwadi haasipo sechinhu chakasiyana. Icho chigadzirwa chemiti mune imwe nzvimbo yakavharwa. Iro pfungwa chaiyo ye "masango" yakasikwa kuitira kuti itungamirire kufunga nekukurukurirana.
Geographic Nihilism
Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana ei nihilism. Pakati pavo - geographical. Iyo inosanganisira mukuramba uye kusanzwisiswa kwekushandisa kusinganzwisisiki:
- geographical directions;
- geographical zviratidzo zvezvikamu zvenyika;
- kushandiswa kwenzvimbo dzenharaunda;
- zvikamu zvenyika nehutano hwakanaka.
Rudzi urwu rwekunyengedza chinhu chitsva. Kazhinji inonzi yakashata, ichiti kana ukaramba zvinhu zvakasikwa nemamiriro ezvinhu epanyama uye uchiedza kubvisa vanhu kubva munyika, iwe unogona kusvika kune chinangwa. Mune mamwe mazwi, izvi hazvisi kukanganisa ndezvokuti kana iwe ukasateerera zvisikwa zvakasikwa, izvi zvinogona kutungamirira kuderedzwa kwemamiriro aya. Vachipiwa simba ravo, mumwe anofanira kunge achiziva kuti pamatanho akasiyana azvo, kusanganiswa kumwechete kwemamiriro ezvinhu edzimba kunogona kuva nekutaura kwakasiyana uye panguva imwechete kune zvakasiyana.
Epistemological nihilism
Nepistemological nihilism inonzwisiswa nzira yakakura yekusava nechokwadi, iyo inotsigira kusava nechokwadi kwekugona kwekuwana zivo. Yakamuka senzira yekuita kune chinangwa chakanaka uye chepasi rose chekufunga kwechiGiriki chekare. VaSophist ndivo vaive vokutanga kutsigira kusava nechokwadi. Mushure mechinguva, chikoro chacho chakanga chisingabvumirwi kuti zvive nyore kuziva. Kunyange zvakadaro, dambudziko rekunyengedzera, rinosanganisira kusada kwevatsigiri varo kuwana ruzivo rwakakosha, rwaiva pachena.
Cultural nihilism
Nzvimbo dzakakurumbira dzemazuva ano ndeye tsika. Inozviratidza mukuramba kwetsika tsika mumativi ose evanhu. Kudzoka mumakumi matanhatu, sangano rine simba rekuchengetedza mhuka rakabuda muWest. Zvadaro yakavimba nemafungiro aRousseau, Nietzsche naFreud. Counterculture yakaramba zvachose iyo yose yenyika yekuMadokero uye tsika yebourgeois. Kutsoropodza kwakanyanya kwakakonzerwa nechitendero chekushambadzira kwevanhu vakawanda uye tsika dzevanhu. Vatsigiri vehutungamiri iyi vainyatsoziva kuti ini bedzi chete inokodzera kuchengetedzwa nekugadzirwa.
Kunamata kwechitendero
Ichokwadi kuti nihilism inoyevedza mazuva ano. Imwe yemhando dzayo inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeyechitendero chinonzi nihilism. Nenguva iyi ndiyo tsika yekunyatsonzwisisa kupandukira kwekupandukira chitendero kubva mumaonero ehupenyu hwomunhu, kukanganisa uye mafungiro asina kunaka kune zvekunamata zvevanhu. Kutsoropodza kwakadaro kwechitendero kune zvakananga, zvinoratidzirwa mune zvekunamata, mafungiro ekudzidzira kuhupenyu pachahwo. Pasina kuwedzererwa, anikirini inogona kunzi "cynic," iyo isina chinhu chitsvene. Munhu akadaro anogona kukanganisa chitendero nekuda kwezvinangwa zvake zvoudyire.
Social nihilism
Kuita zvekugarisana kwevanhu mune zvemagariro inzira inoratidzika mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, pakati peiyo:
- Kukundikana kwemamwe mapoka emagariro evanhu kuti vatore nzira yekugadzirisa iripo.
- Kukundikana kwekutora nzira itsva yehupenyu uye tsika itsva.
- Kusagutsikana nezvinhu zvitsva, kuchinja.
- Kurwisana kwehupfumi kune nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutyisidzira nekushandurwa.
- Kusagamuchirwa nemasarudzo akasiyana ezvematongerwo enyika.
- Kusada (dzimwe nguva kuvengana) maererano nehurumende.
- Kuramba kumadokero maitiro emafambiro.