Mubvunzo pamusoro pomugumo wenyika uye shure kweupenyu huri nguva dzose vanhu vanofarira, izvo zvinotsanangura kuvepo kwezvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana uye mumiririro, mazhinji acho akaita seyano. Kurondedzera pfungwa huru inoshandiswa eskatology, iyo inyanzvi yezvitendero zvakawanda uye dzakasiyana-siyana zvekare.
Chii chinonzi eschatology?
Dzidziso yechitendero pamusoro pekupedzisira kwezvinhu zvenyika uye yevanhu inonzi ischatology. Ipa munhu mumwechete uye wepasi rose mutungamiri. Pakuumbwa kwekutanga, basa rinokosha raitambwa neAkare yeEgipita, uye rechipiri neJudhiya. Chirevo chekuzvidzivirira mumwechete chikamu chekutungamirirwa kwenyika yose. Kunyange zvazvo Bhaibheri risingatauri chinhu pamusoro pehupenyu hwomunguva yemberi, mune dzidziso dzakawanda dzezvitendero pfungwa dzekudzokorora shure kunowanikwa zvakaisvonaka. Muenzaniso ndeyeBhuku reEgypt neTibetan revakafa, uyewo zvakare Divine Comedy yeDante.
Eschatology mufilosofi
Izvo zvinodzidziswa hazvirevi chete nezvekuguma kwepasi uye hupenyu, asi zvakare nezveramangwana, izvo zvinogoneka mushure mekunyangarika kwehupenyu husina kukwana. Eschatology mufiroso chiitiko chakakosha, iyo inofungidzira kuguma kwenhoroondo, sekupedzwa kwechiitiko chisina kubudirira kana kunyengedzwa kwemunhu. Kuparara kwepasi panguva imwechete kunoreva kupinda kwomunhu munzvimbo inobatanidza chikamu chemweya, chepanyika uye chaMwari. Uzivi hwehupenyu hahukwanisi kuparadzana kubva kune zvinangwa zvekutsvaga.
Icho chirevo chekutsvaga kwekusimudzira kwevanhu chakapararira muhuzivi hweEurope kusvika pamwero mukuru nekuda kweEuropean chaiyo yekufunga kuti inofunga zvinhu zvose zviripo munyika nekufananidza nemabasa evanhu, ndiko kuti, zvinhu zvose zviri kufamba, zvine chivako, kubudirira nekuguma, . Dambudziko guru refilosofi rinogadziriswa nekubatsira kwekutsvaga kwemashoko ndeku: kunzwisisa kwezvakaitika, chinangwa chevanhu uye nzira dzekuvandudza, rusununguko nemikana, uye zvisinei zvakasiyana nezvinetso zvemitemo.
Eschatology muchiKristu
Kana tichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzira dzechitendero, vaKristu, sevaJudha, vanoramba kubvuma kwechikonzero chemazuva uye vanopokana kuti hapazovi neramangwana mushure mokuguma kwenyika. Orthodox eschatology ine ukama hwakananga nechipirias (dzidziso yekuuya kwemireniyadhi yemakore ari panyika yaIshe uye vakarurama) uye messianism (dzidziso yekuuya kweMutumwa waMwari). Vatendi vose vane chokwadi chokuti nokukurumidza Mesiya achauya pasi pano kwechipiri uye kuguma kwepasi kuchauya.
Pazvakaitika, chiKristu chakave sechitendero chekutsvaga. Mharidzo yevaapositori nebhuku reZvinyorwa inodzokorora pfungwa yokuti mugumo wenyika haugoni kudziviswa, asi kana zvichiitika inozivikanwa chete kuna Ishe. Chikristu chekutsvaga (dzidziso yekuguma kwenyika) kunosanganisira kuparadzanisa (pfungwa dzinoona nhoroondo yezvakaitika sekupararira kusingaperi kweZvizarurwa Zvakazarurwa) uye dzidziso yekuyemura kereke.
Eschatology muIslam
Muchitendero ichi, uprofita hwekupedzisira hwekuguma kwenyika hunokosha zvikuru. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti nharo dzenyaya iyi dzinopesana, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange dzisinganzwisisiki uye dzisinganzwisisiki. ChiSulumum ischatology inobva pamitemo yeKoran, uye mufananidzo wemagumo enyika inoita seizvi:
- Pamberi kwechiitiko chikuru chikaitika, kuchauya nguva yekusada Mwari nekusatenda. Vanhu vachatengesa mararamiro ose eIslam, uye ivo vachabviswa muzvivi.
- Mushure meizvi, umambo hweAnopesitendi uchauya, uye huchapedza mazuva makumi mana. Apo nguva iyi yapera, Mesiya achauya uye Kuwa kuchapera. Somugumisiro, kwemakore makumi mana nemana pasi pano pachava nedyll.
- Panzvimbo inotevera, chiratidzo chichagoverwa pamusoro pekutanga kwekutonga kwakashata , izvo Allah pachake achaita. Iye achabvunza vose vapenyu uye vakafa. Vatadzi vachaenda kuGehena, uye vakarurama kuParadhiso, asi ivo vachazofanira kupfuura nepabhiriji ravanogona kushandurwa nemhuka dzavakapa kuna Allah munguva yavo yeupenyu.
- Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti chihedheni chechiKristu chaive chikonzero chechiIslam, asi pane zvimwe zvinyorwa zvakakosha, somuenzaniso, zvinotaurwa kuti Muporofita Muhammad achave aripo paKutongwa Kwekupedzisira, izvo zvichatsanangurira mugumo wevatadzi uye kunyengetera kuna Allah kuti akanganwire zvivi.
Eschatology muchiJudha
Kusiyana nedzimwe zvitendero muChiJudha, kusanzwisisika kweChina kunoitika, izvo zvinoreva kusikwa kwe "nyika yakakwana" uye munhu, uye zvino vanopinda nepakati penzira yekuwira kumucheto wekuparara, asi iyi haisi mugumo, nokuti kuburikidza nechido chemuumbi, vanodzokera zvakare pakukwana. Icho chirevo chechiJudha chechiJudha chinotarirwa pamusoro pokuti uipi huchauya pakuguma uye pakupedzisira hunde zvakanaka. Mune bhuku raAmosi zvakataurwa kuti nyika ichavapo makore zviuru zvitanhatu, uye kuparadzwa kuchagara kwemakore ane chiuru. Vanhu uye nhoroondo yaro inogona kugoverwa muzvikamu zvitatu: nguva yekuparadzwa, dzidziso uye nguva yaMesiya.
Scandinavian eschatology
Nhema dzeScandinavia dzinosiyana nedzimwe zvedzidzo, maererano nezvinodiwa nemunhu wese, uye vanamwari havafi. Pfungwa yekuvandudzwa kwehupenyu huri kureva kutenderera kwezvikamu zvose: kuberekwa, kubudirira, kupera nekufa. Somugumisiro, nyika itsva ichazvarwa mumatongo enyika yapfuura uye nyika yose ichaumbwa kubva kune mhirizhonga. Nhema dzakawanda dzedzidziso dzekutsvaga dzakavakirwa pamusoro pechirevo ichi, uye dzakasiyana nedzimwe mune kuti vanamwari havasi ivo vatori vechikamu asi zviitiko.
Eschatology yeGreece yeGreece
Mamiriro ekuona kwechitendero kare kare muVaGiriki akasiyana, nokuti vakanga vasina ruzivo pamusoro pomugumo wenyika, vachitenda kuti izvo zvisina kutanga hazvigone kukwana. Zvinyorwa zvekutsvaga zveGirisi yekare zvainyanya kufunga nezvehupenyu hwevanhu. VaGiriki vaidavira kuti chokutanga chekutanga muviri isingaoneki uye unopera nokusingaperi. Kana ari mweya, eschatology inoratidza kuti haina kufa, inoitika uye inotarisirwa kutaura naMwari.