Kubva pane zvakadzika zvakanyanya zvekare, apo vanhu vakatanga kungodzidza zvinhu zvose, kusvibisa kwakamuka, sechitendero chekare. Zvisikwa zvipenyu uye zvose zvine mweya kana mweya: chinhu, ibwe, mhuka, munhu. Saka vanhu vekare vakatenda kumativi ose enyika.
Chimiro - chii ichocho?
Mutungamiri wechiEngland anonzi E. Tyler akafunga kuti zvitendero zvose zvaivepo kusvika pakuuya zvakabva pane maonero evanhu. MuchiLatini, hupenyu huri hupenyu, hupenyu humwe mweya kana mweya. Kutenda mune kutanga kwemweya kana kuti mapatya mashoma ezvisikwa zvose zvisizvo uye zvisingasviki mune zvakasikwa. Mweya nemweya zvinhu izvo zvisingaoneki kune ziso revanhu, uye kana mweya wakabatana nepfuma yezvinhu iyo iripo, mudzimu isimba rakasununguka mumusana waro pose pose uye chero nguva.
Nini uye nei kubuda kwemhuka kuchimuka?
Apo hupenyu huripo hukauya - zvakaoma kuti vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanyatsoongorora izvi, asi zvaive zvingangodaro pane denderedzwa rekutenderera kweNeanderthal mumunhu anonzwisisa, anenge makore zviuru makumi mana akapfuura. Vakuru madzitateguru vekufiriya vaiva magic, fetishism , animatism uye totemism. Vanhu vaiziva zvishomanana nezvezvisikwa, uye havana kukwanisa kutsanangura zvizhinji zvezviitiko zvakange zviripo mazviri, saka vose vakapiwa simba risingaitiki uye vaitenda kushamwaridzana nemhuka dzese dzenharaunda yavo.
Chimiro chechimiro, icho chakatsiviwa nekutengesa, chakange chakavakirwa mumazana emakore ekuziva kwekucherechedza:
- kurota (mweya unofamba nenyika);
- hurumende panguva yekushandiswa kwechimiro chemaprotropic;
- mhemberero dzemitambo (mweya wakasiya muviri).
Mafirimu muzivi
Zvikoro zvefilosofi zvakabva muGreece yekare zvakange zvakasiyana-siyana mukufunga, zvakaparidzirwa tsika uye dzidziso. Chikoro chekudhiridzira, chinotungamirirwa nenyanzvi yemasvomhu uye nyanzvi yefilosofi Pythagoras, vakaparidza dzidziso inotarisirwa nekubatana nekuchenjerera nemasikirwo emunhu, mausingaiti - mweya uri kwose kwose wakanyorwa. Chimiro chechimiro mune uzivi nderuzivo rwekusafa kwemweya weiwo: ingava muti, mhuka kana munhu. Chinhu chose chine mweya yehutano imwe chete kubva pamoto nemhepo, uye mumigumisiro inotevera mweya unogara uchitevera muviri mutsva wakapiwa.
Animism in Psychology
Psychology sekuzvidzivirira kuzvimiririra kwakaumbwa munguva pfupi yapfuura uye kubuda kwezvinodiwa zvayo kunogona kutaridzirwa sehuwandu hwemazana emakore ehupenyu hwevanhu mune ruzivo rwemweya yavo. Chimiro mune zvepfungwa ndechekufananidzira kwenyika umo zvose zviripo zviripo "mumweya" uye zvine manzwiro nemanzwiro . Psychology of animism inotsanangurwa zvakajeka muchiitiko chekufunga kwevana, yakawanikwa neSwitzerland wepfungwa-muzivi J. Piaget. Mwana wacho anotenda kuti kana akanzwa, saka zvose zvinomukomberedza zvine manzwiro. Kubata vana kwevana - zvinowanikwa:
- Kuongororwa kwevana sezvinhu zvisina upenyu sezvinorarama.
- Chinhu chinotama chinosimbisa chimiro chinosimudzira chemwana, asi chinangwa chinogona kuonekwa sechisina upenyu.
- Nhamba yepamusoro yekufungidzira mafungiro kwemakore mashanu (kupera kusvika pamakore manomwe).
Chimiro chemweya sechitendero
Mukutya kwezvinhu zvakasimba uye zvisingazwisisiki zvezvinhu zvakasikwa, vanhu vekare vakatanga kuvasimbisa. Chimiro chekudavira ndeyekutenda mukuvapo kwe mweya nemweya zvinotenderera kune zvose zviri munyika. Mheni uye kutinhira, zuva nemwedzi, mvura, chando nechimvuramabwe - munhu akaduku uye asingagoni kuzvidzivirira pamberi pezvinhu, anotanga kubatanidza mweya yakasimba uye achizvipira kuti aedze kuisa.
Kutarisa kuberekwa nekufa, munhu akaratidza kuti panguva yekuzvarwa kwomwana, mweya unopinda mauri, uye panguva yekufa, anosiya muviri nemhepo. Vakuru vekare vaidavira kuti mweya weafa unoramba uri munharaunda yeherera uye hausiyi imba yedzinza. Ichitendero chekuyeuchidza uye kukudza kwemweya yakatevera chinangwa chekuita mweya wevanhu vemarudzi kuti ave mudziviriri uye mutongi we simba rakaipa reimwe nyika.
Kuita mafirimu munhema dzeGirisi yekare kunobatsira vanoongorora zvakaitika kare kuti vadzidze kufunga kwevanhu venguva iyoyo. Mifananidzo yakajeka yavanamwari, yakaumbwa kwenguva yakareba kubva pakunzwisisa kwechimiro nemabasa anotakura zvinhu zvakasikwa:
- Zeus - kutonga mabhanan'ana nemheni, zvinoputika pasi nemvura.
- Gaia (pasi) - anobereka mahombe makuru makuru (kudengenyeka kwenyika, rockfalls).
- Hadhesi (Thanatos) ndiye ishe wepasi, kubvisa mweya.
Mafirimu munyika yanhasi
Mune zvikamu zvakasiyana zvePasi madzinza akasara akaramba akatevedzera mafirimi - ava vanhu vaduku, vane nzira yekare yeupenyu. MuNorth uye kuSiberia, ivo Evenks, Khanty, Nanais, Udegeans. Mazuva ano hupenyu hwehupenyu hwakavakirwa pane zvakasara zvezvitendero zvekare:
- tsika uye tsika dzekunamatwa nekuyeuchidza madzitateguru;
- kunyengedza Imba (icho chinokosha cheimba);
- maitiro echi shamanic ekudzoka kwemweya kumutumbi (ane zvirwere zvepfungwa yepfungwa).
Animism - zvinonakidza chaizvo
Chimiro chechimiro yekutenda mumweya nemafungiro, sezvo chitendero chekare chakasiya chikamu chikuru chetsika munhoroondo yevanhu. Nhoroondo dzekare dzekare dzeScandinavia, Greece, Egypt - iyi ndiyo mari yepfuma yenyika yenhaka yevanhu yenyika. Chimiro chechimiro, chakakwira kubva pamapfungwa ekare omunhu pamusoro pemweya, yakapinda mune dzimwe nzira dzakakwana dzezvitendero, asi mune zvimwe zviitiko zvakasara kusvikira nhasi mumazororo echihedheni.
Chokwadi chinofadza chakabatana nehupenyu:
- Nyanzvi huru yemasvomhu Pythagoras ndiye wekutanga wezvinomera, akadzivisa vadzidzi vezvipfuwo, nekuda kwekuvapo kwemweya yavo zvakangofanana nemunhu.
- Mwana muduku muzvinyorwa zvake zvekare, anofunga kuti paanoenda, mwedzi "unomhanya" mushure maro.
- Koryaks (vagari vemunharaunda yeKamchatka), vauraya mbwa kana bhesi pavanoshambadza, vanoisa ganda kune mumwe wevashandi, vanomhanyira vakamupoteredza uye vanoimba rwiyo rwavanovimbisa kuti havasi mhosva yekufa kwechipfuwo, uye mhosho mune iri "rechiRussia" . Chinangwa chetsika ndechekudzorera kutsamwa kwemweya wefa chakafa.
- Vanhu vechitsuwa cheFiji vanotenda kuti mweya yezvishandiso zvakaputsika (majeko, mapanga) vanobhururukira kune vamwari kuitira mamwe mabasa.