Izwi rokuti "uphemism" rinoreva kusatenderera kwemashoko kunotsiva kutaura kusina kukodzera kuita kuti zvinyorwa zvive zvakanyanyisa kana kuvharwa. Vanyori vezvematongerwe enyika, vanyori vezvemagariro evanhu nevashambadziri vari kushandisa kushandiswa kwakadai, vachishandisa chimiro chekuita shanduko muhukama hwepedyo. Nzira yekudzidzira sei unyanzvi uye nekutsvaga zvakakodzera mazwi akadaro?
Chii chinonzi "uphemism"?
Euphemism ishoko risina kutenderera kana tsanangudzo inoshandiswa kutora nzvimbo isina kunaka kana isina kukodzera. Izwi rakasvika kwatiri kubva kune vakurukuri veGreece yekare, uye mukushandura zvinoreva "kutaura kwakanaka". Iyi inyanzvi yekushandisa inoshandiswa:
- mumunda wezvematongerwo enyika, kutsausa kana kushandisa zvisizvo;
- muzvinyorwa zvakadhindwa kuti atore kutuka kana mazwi asina kunaka kubva munharaunda yepedyo.
Chikonzero chemashoko akadaro chakamuka kubva panguva yemitauro, apo zvakange zvarambidzwa kutumidza mazita evanamwari kana zvirwere zvinotyisa, uye zvimwe zvimwe zviitiko zvezvakasikwa. Gare gare, munguva yechiKristu, shoko rokuti "chisina kuchena" rakatsiva chiyeuchidzo chedhiyabhorosi. Basa rehuphemisms rakakura zvikuru mudenderedzwa yevatungamiri, apo mitemo yezvigadzirwa zvepamutemo inoda zvirevo zvakawanda. Munguva dzemazuva ano, mabhiiyo akadai anonyatsobudirira anotsiva mazwi asina kufanira nemumwe wako.
Mabasa eefphemisms
Kushandiswa kwevephemisms kunotsanangurwa nechishuvo chekudzivisa kusawirirana, kusanzwisisana, kuchengeta tsika dzekukurukurirana , kuedza kugadzirisa mamiriro akaoma kumudzidzisi. Zvinyorwa zvinokosha zveizvi:
- Rondedzera chiito kana chimwe chinhu chiri chimiro chinyoro, kwete chinonyadzisa: "zvakaoma kunzwa" pane "matsi".
- Kufukura chokwadi chechokwadi, zvinoreva izwi: "masangano" pane "jeri", "chirevo chakasiyana" - "akatongerwa".
- Kuvanza kuvanhu vose zvinoreva chokwadi chemashoko: "basa rakabhadharwa kune vasikana vasina complexes" - "ufeve".
Nzira dzekushandisa ye euphemisms
Euphemisms yakagadzirwa kare uye inoramba ichiwedzera, inogona kugoverwa mumapoka maviri:
- Constant . Iko kune makore mazhinji.
- Unstable . Inoshandiswa mune imwe nyaya apo inotora mashoko.
Mashoko-euphemisms anoshandiswa mumatanho ose kushandura mafungiro uye semantic mutauro wekutaura kana zvinyorwa. Munharaunda yavo pachavo vanotsiva zvinotsanangurwa:
- zvirongwa zvepanyama: "chirwere chemukadzi" - kumwedzi;
- zvikamu zve trunk, zvakabatana nechezasi, nhengo dzebonde;
- ukama pakati pemurume nemukadzi .
Munharaunda yemagariro, hufumi hunozivikanwa zvikuru, hunoshandiswa kuvanza chokwadi:
- diplomatic negotiations;
- kudzvinyirirwa nevane masimba kana kuti miviri yekurova;
- hondo kukura uye zvakavanzika;
- basa rekuchengetedza mitemo;
- hukama pakati pemarudzi;
Mafumi mumasidhau
Mabasa ehuphemisms muzvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa zvakafanana, anoshandiswa pakuumbwa kwakanyatsoenderana:
- Basa revakuru vehurumende: "hurumende dzinokwanisa" - "federal services";
- Tsanangudzo dzekupesana kwehondo: "kucheneswa kwenharaunda" - "kuparadzwa";
- Iyo mharidzo yezvirongwa zvezvemari: "piramidi yemari" - "mari yakaipa";
- Nhamba yemarudzi kana mapoka evanhu: "munhu asina nzvimbo yakagadzikana yekugara" - "asina pokugara", "African-American" - "Negro".
- Mazita emamwe maitiro ematongerwe enyika anotarisa: "nyika inonzi unipolar" "inotungamirira America."
Euphemisms muInternet Communication
Euphemisms mukutaura kwemaRussia yemazuva ano inoumbwa ichifungisisa mitambo itsva nemitauro, nzira yekugadzirisa yakadai ndeimwe yezvinokosha mumutauro wekutaura kwevanhu. Chido chemashoko matsva chinogona kubuda nekuda kwezvikonzero zvitatu:
- tsika;
- maitiro;
- mupfungwa.
Sezvo mumakamuri ose ekukurukura uye maforamu kutaura kwakashata kwakabvumirwa, kutaura kwehasha kunoshandurwa nemanzwiro ezvinyorwa kana "zvakanaka" kududzwa. Izvo zvinoshandawo kune tsanangudzo yezvigadzirwa zvepabonde zvekutengesa kana unhu hwehukama hwepedyo. Vatori vanogadzira zvinyorwa zvavo, zvinonzwisisika chete kwavari, kazhinji zvinoreva kune mvumo dzisiri pamutemo kana dzisina kutenderwa mumitambo yepaInternet, apo zvinhu kana zvigadzirwa zvemifananidzo zvinotengeswa.
Euphemisms in advertising
Ushmism inoshandiswa nounyanzvi mukushambadzira, vanhu veR PR vanoedza kudzivisa kutaura kunogumbura kana kuparadzanisa mutengi anogona. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika muRP yemishonga uye zvipfeko, apo zvakakosha kuti taure mativi ose akabudirira mune chifukidziro chakafukidzirwa: "mushonga wekurambana" - "rubatsiro nerwere." Nzira dzechimiro zvezvinyorwa izvi mumashoko ekudhinda:
- Kuderedza mazwi angaita seasina kunaka, kukuvadza purofiti kana chimiro chesangano: "zvakanakisisa zvinogadzirwa zvepabonde" - "kubatsira pakuita rudo."
- Kuparadzaniswa kwevakwikwi mubhizimisi: "chigadzirwa chedu chakakosha, kusiyana nemumwe."
- Kudzivisa hurukuro yezera, kunyanya mukutsanangura zvinhu zvevakadzi: "kamukira madzimai ekukwegura" - "nzira yakanakisisa yekudzorerazve."
Zvematongerwo enyika euphemisms
Zvechokwadi mune zvematongerwo enyika zvinoda kudzivisa mazwi anorwadza manzwiro uye chiremerera chevanhu, saka unyanzvi hwehutongerwo enyika mune vezvematongerwo enyika hunoremekedzwa kune hupamhi. Kuti uphemmisms yakarurama mune zvematongerwo enyika ndiwo mazwi:
- kuderedza kusarudzwa nezera: "murume akwegura" - "murume wekwegura";
- kusabhadhara hupfumi kune vanhu vane hurema kana pfungwa dzakapedzisira : "munhu akaremara, akaremara" - "munhu ane zvaanoda";
- kuvanza mafungiro evamwe vanhu vasingazi hurumende yepamusoro: "makambani anotengesa" - "milkmaid";
- kunokanganisa zviitiko zvisingafadzi muhupfumi: "maitiro asingadiwi" - "mutero unowedzera."
Kuita zvepabonde
Chii chinonzi euphemism chinorevei kune pfungwa dzine chokuita nepabonde? Aya ndiwo mazwi anotora mitsara isina kukodzera yekutaurirana munzvimbo dzevanhu: "penis", "mukadzi", "orgasm". Kubatsiririra kwakadaro kunonyanya kuzivikanwa mumagariro evanhu, apo mazwi anonyorwa mubasa rakawanda, uye pakati pevashanyi ikoko vanogona kunge vari vana. Izwi reuphemism rinobvumira kushandiswa kwezvinyorwa - kutsvaga kubva kune dzimwe mimwe mitauro, vema blogger vakatanga kushandisa "vatsigiri", vanozivikanwa nevaEurope. Zvinonyanya kuitika kwavari ndezvi:
- MuSpain shoko rokuti "siya pamuviri" rinotsiva "kukanda mapepa". "Simba rine simba" vanodana "kirabhu yaDracula."
- VaFrance vanoti "Ndinoda kurara" inotsanangurwa se "muss iri kutambisa," asi pamusoro pekadzikadzi ane chepfu chechipfuva anoti "akatanga kupa kuchinja".
- Mukadzi wechiJapane ane chiso chakashata, asi chimiro chakanaka chinonzi "baku-hsiang" - "yakanaka kumashure."