Yakaonekwa muGreece yekare uye yakashandurwa se "kunyengedza nekubatsira kwemashoko". Pasina iyo, zvakaoma kufungidzira kutaura nyore, mabhuku, uzivi, tsika dzevanhu. Nekubatsira kwayo, iwe unogona kuratidza pane chimwe chinhu uye kuratidza chokwadi. Chii chinonzi ironyoni musoro wenyaya ino.
Chii chisina kunaka?
Ichi chinhu chinonyengera, chakavanzika. Vaya vanoda kufungidzira zvinoreva kubatsiridza kuti chinangwa chayo ndechokusiyanisa zvinoreva mazwi nemashoko avo chaiwo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, munhu achange asinganzwisisiki, achidana murwere ane ushingi kana benzi akachenjera. Kunyunyuta kwakaita basa rinokosha mumhando yevanhu vanoita tsika, satirical mararamiro emabhuku uye comedy yekare. Vanhu vazhinji vari kushandisa chirevo ichi kuti vanyore pamusoro pechinhu.
Irony - Psychology
Kushata kwakadaro kunoita kuti pfungwa ione kuti nyaya yekukurukurirana haisi iyo inoratidzika. Kubvunza kuti zvisiri izvo zvinorevei, iwe unogona kupindura kuti chiratidzo chekusaziva, hukuru hwemweya nenyasha, asi chaizvoizvo iyo inodzivirira. Zvarinoreva zvakavanzwa pasi peshoko rekutaura kusina kunaka kwezvinoreva izvo zvakataurwa. Anogara achiramba mafungiro uye haatangi midzi mune chero chinzvimbo: zvinoshamisa, pamusoro peimwe nyaya inobata kana "kubudisa kunze", munhu anogadzira rucochet anobata zvakasiyana.
Kunyangadza mufilosofi
Sechinzvimbo chakakosha , chidimbu chechirevo chekufunga kwefilosofi, kuseka kunotora zvakakosha mumakore ekupedzisira ekuma18 nekutanga kwema1900. Kutarisa pane zvakaitika kuna Socrates, uyo akashandisa pfungwa yekunyengedzera mukukakavadzana nevasopi, uye German romantics Schlegel naMüller, mifananidzo ye nguva iyo yakaiona seinotevera:
- Zolger akamutora semuenzaniso weunyanzvi.
- A.F. Losev akashandisa sechirongwa chinotsanangura, chakasiyana nemafungiro akaratidzwa.
- K. Marx uye F. Engels vakataura pfungwa yekusanzwisisika kwezvakaitika kare, izvo zvaive mugumisiro wekuti vanhu vakaita shanduro iyi vakaodzwa mwoyo neizvi uye vakaona kuti zvakanga zvisina kufanana nezvavaiedza.
Mhando dzisiri
- Straight line . Icho chinangwa pakunyengedza uye kupa chiitiko ichi chakatsanangura unhu kana unhu hunonakidza.
- Anti-war . Irony uye marudzi ayo anosanganisira kupesana nehondo. Ichi ndicho chinopesana chinoreva kunyombwa zvakananga. Mushure mezvose, chii chisingaoneki inzira yekuratidza chinhu chisina kukodzera.
- Kuzvidzora . Kunyengerwa, chinhu icho chiri munhu wega. Panguva imwecheteyo, mutsara wayo unogona kuva nechinangwa chakanaka apo unyanzvi anotaura nezvake somushandi asina basa.
Ndechipi musiyano pakati pekunyengera nekunyomba?
Yokutanga isimboti chisina kunyatsooneka che comic. Irony senzira yekuzvidzivirira inonyanya kuseka, iyo inopesana nemanzwiro chaiwo emashoko nechinangwa chechokwadi. Inokonzera kuseka uye hapana chimwezve. Misiyano pakati pekunyengedzera nekunyomba ndeyokuti yechipiri haisi kukonzera kusemwerera. Inoshandiswa pakutsoropodza kwakashata uye kuongorora kwehutsika hwehutano hwechinhu chacho. Sarcasm inoda kuregererwa uye kupiwa mhosva.
Heano maitiro akasiyana:
- Icho chinonyangadza chinovanza uye chifukidziro chinhu chekutaura. Sarcasm inotuka nechinguva chiduku chezvinyorwa.
- Izwi rinoshamisa rinogara riine chimiro chakanaka, kusiyana nekunyombwa kwakafukidzirwa, uko zvinoreva kuderedzwa. Sarcasm inonyatsoratidza nyaya yekutsoropodza.
- Irony semhando yemashizha inoshandiswa mumitambo inoseka uye mutauro wokufananidzira wokufananidzira.
- Sarcasm chiratidzo chekunyengera kwakasimba. Inoshandiswa nevakurukuri mumashoko avo anopomera uye vanyori vezvinyorwa zvepachena izvo zvine zvigaro zvezvematongerwo enyika.
Ndechipi musiyano pakati pekubatana nekunyengedzera?
Yokutanga i-kind of comic in art. Kubva pakuseka uye kunyengedza, iye anoratidzika nehupamhi hwekutuurwa. Simba rayo rinoenderana nechinzvimbo chevanhu chinzvimbo chinoshandiswa ne-satirist uye kubudirira kwemashoko anonyadzisa - kutsvinya, hyperbole, zvinyorwa, zvinotyisa, parody. Sezvo rudzi rwakabva mumabhuku eRoma, ndokubva atora mamwe maitiro eunyanzvi:
- cinema;
- danho;
- TV;
- mabhuku (comedy);
- ISO (cartoon, cartoon);
- journalism (feuilleton) nevamwe.
Misiyano pakati pekubatana nekunyengedzera ndeyokuti iri kurwisana nechinhu chinonyatsoratidzwa. Inoratidzirwa nebasa, rakasimba-will direction uye chinangwa . Mukunyengera, kuseka nguva dzose kunobatana nehasha nekutsamwa. Kazhinji vanouya mberi, vachinyengera. Vanyori vanonyora mune satirical genre vanosanganisira:
- Saltykov-Shchedrin.
- Kurumidza.
- Walter.
- Beaumarchais nevamwe.
Nzira yekudzidzira runyengeri?
Iko kukwanisa kugadzirisa mashoko nounyanzvi kunogona kubatsira muupenyu. Mushure mezvose, kunyengedzwa kunodiwa kuitira kuti tsika "dzinyore hwamanda" uye kwete kuratidza kukanganisa kwomunhu zvakananga, asi kunyatsotamba nemashoko kuti achengetedze uye chiremera chayo. Zvakakosha kufungisisa nguva yevateereri, zvepabonde, pfungwa, tsika dzetsika. Edzai kutamba nemashoko aunogona kudzidza, kana:
- Zvakawanda zvokuverenga, kukura maonero ekudavira. Sarudza iyi yekudzidzira uye yekunze, iyo inobatsira kukura kutaura uye kufunga.
- Mubvunzo unoshungurudza, kuti ungadzidze sei kuseka nekunyengedzera, unogona kukukurudzira kuti udzidze mune zvose kuti uone kusiyana. Zvakakosha kutaura zvinopesana nezvinorehwa. Nhamba yepamusoro yekunyengedzera ndiyo kushandiswa kwehupenzi, kureva, kuwedzeredza. Izwi rokuti "chimiro" rinotsiviwa ne "zvinhu zvekutengesa".
- Yeuka zvinyorwa zvakasimba uye uzvipinza mukutaura kwako: "maoko egoridhe", "hura nomwe muhuma", nezvimwewo.