Ichokwadi kuti masayendisiti akawanda nevashambadzi vakapedza upenyu hwavo hwose vachitsvaga mhinduro dzakarurama dzezvinhu zvavo zvavakawana zvinogona kurerutsa nekuvandudza hupenyu hwemunhu. Asi, sezvazvakazoitika, zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokosha uye zvinokosha zvakagadzirwa "zvakaitwa" zvakangoerekana zvaitika.
Takaunganidza 25 zvinhu zvose zvinozivikanwa izvo hakuna munhu aida kuronga. Zvakangoitika saizvozvo. Uye zvinonyanya kukosha, nhasi hatifungi upenyu pasina izvozvi zvakawanikwa!
1. Inodhaka shuga - saccharin
Kamwe kamwe muhupenyu, mumwe nomumwe wedu akaedza shanduko yegawani. Asi vashomanana vanhu vakafunga nezvekuti yakagadzirwa sei. Muna 1879 Konstantin Felberg, kemikemikari, akanga achidzidza hovha yemarasha, achiedza kuwana imwe nzira yekushandisa kwayo. Ezvo, sechinyakare, mushure mokudzokera kumusha mushure mekushanda kwezuva rakaoma, akacherechedza kuti mukombe wake mudzimai ane zvakawanda uye zvinotapira kupfuura nguva dzose. Achikumbira mudzimai wake chakanga chisina kunaka, akafunga kuti akanganwa kushamba maoko ake mushure mekushanda ne tar. Ndizvo zvakashandiswa mushure mokushandura shuga, iyo inoshandiswa pasi pose, zvichiita kuti chichena chigare chigare.
2. Kuchenesa guruva
Dope reScott is an inventory of nanotechnology, zvinoreva zviduku, zvisingaoneki zvisingagadziri zvishandiso zvinoshanda sehurongwa humwe chete. Tsvina yakaipa yakaonekwa nekuda kwechikoro chemudzidzi weYunivhesiti yeCalifornia Jamie Link, uyo akadzidza silicon chip. Iyo chipfu yakaputika, uye Jamie akashanyira pfungwa yokuti zviduku zvingagona kushanda zvakasiyana, sehurongwa humwe chete. Mazuva ano, teknolojia iyi inoshandiswa kuona zvose kubva pamaronda anouraya kusvika kune zvipenyu.
3. Zvimedu zvembatata
Hungu, zvinoshanduka kuti chido chekudya chinonaka chaisagona kuonekwa muupenyu hwedu. Muna 1853, mukuru wekuGeorge Cram yekuGeorge yakangoerekana agadzira chips. Uye saka, sezvazvakaitika: mutengi asingagutsikani akadzorera kudya kwemazamu ekirasi kukiki, achitaura kuti yakanga yakanyanya "mvura". Ipapo iyo yakatsamwisa Kram yakasarudza kudzidzisa muchengeti chidzidzo uye yakatsvaira mbatata muzvimedu zvidete, yakakangwa kusvikira yakasviba uye yakasaswa yakawanda nemunyu. Kushamisika kune mubiki, ndiro yacho yaifadza kune mutengi. Saka kwaiva nezviputi.
4. Coca-Cola
Imwe nyanzvi yekudhakwa, iyo inonaka inowanzozivikanwa kumunhu wose, yakaonekwa semushonga panguva yehondo yevagari vemo kuvonga chiremba wehondo John Pemberton. Ndicho chikonzero chekuti cocaine iripo muChina-Cola yakasikwa.
5. Zvibereko ice
Muna 1905, soda yaiva imwe yezvinonyanya kunwa doro. Frank Epperson ane makore 11 akasarudza kuti aigona kuchengetedza imwe yemari yehomwe yake kana akaita soda kumba. Nokubatanidza upfu nemvura, Frank akanga ari pedyo nekunaka kwakadaro kwema soda mvura, asi nekuda kwekuvhiringidzika, akangoerekana abuda mumvura pamusara weusiku hwose. Apo Frank akabuda pavhare mangwanani, akaona kuti musanganiswa wacho wakanga wakanyungudzwa nesvimbo yakasara yekukurudzira.
6. Waffle cones for ice cream
Kusvikira 1904, ice cream yakashandiswa mundiro. Uye panguva yeChiratidzo cheNyika paiva nehwamanda. Chiosk pachitarisiko chakanga chine chishuwo chakanakisa ice cream icho chaidiwa nacho chakanga chakakura, uye mahwendefa akakurumidza kupera. Panguva iyoyo, pane imwe nzvimbo yevakidzani yakavakidzana neyePezhiya yakafukidzwa, kwakanga kusina mubhizimisi, saka vatengesi vakasarudza kubatana. Vakatanga kutora mawfles ndokuisa ice cream ipapo. Ndizvo zvakaita nyanga dzenyanga.
7. Teflon kupfeka
Vazhinji vemadzimai vanoziva kuti chifukidzo cheTeflon cheprying pans ndechekuwana kwakabatsira kakawanda. Uye izvi zvakasikwa zvakaonekwa mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 nekuda kwekemikari Roy Plunkett, uyo akakanganisa kugumburwa pazvinhu zvinopisa zvefriji. Ikambani iyo Roy akashanda, akakurumidza kupa chibvumirano ichi kuwanikwa.
8. Vulcanized rubber
Charles Goodyear akapedza makore akawanda achiedza kuwana rubber iyo inenge isingagadziri kupisa uye chando. Mushure memaitiro akawanda asina kubudirira, pakupedzisira akawana musanganiswa wakashanda. Asati avhara chiedza mumusangano, Charles akangodonhedzera raibharura, sulfuri uye mutungamiri muhofu. Iko kusanganiswa kwaive kwakasungwa uye kwakaoma. Mukuita kudaro, inogona kushandiswa.
9. Plastiki
Mukutanga kwema1900, shellac yakashandiswa semashoko ekudzivirira. Ichi chigadzirwa chechisikigo chakagadzirwa kubva ku resin, iyo inogadzirwa nemaodzanyemba kumaodzanyemba kumaodzanyemba. Nokudaro, chemistori Leo Hendrik Bakeland akasarudza kuti aigona kuve akapfuma kana akauya neimwe nzira kunodhura resin. Asi, izvo zvaakakwira nazvo yaiva plastiki, iyo, pasi pekutungamirirwa nekupisa kwakanyanya, haina kuchinja zvayo. Izvo zvakasikwa zvakabva zvave zvakakurumbira uye zvakagamuchirwa zita rokuti Bakelite.
10. Radioactivity
Muna 1896, nyanzvi yefizikiri Henri Becquerel akaita tsvakurudzo pamusoro pe luminescence uye x-ray. Achitarisa phosphorescence mu uranium salt, Henry aida chiedza chezuva. Asi zuva iroro muParis raiva makore ane makore. Zvino musayendisiti akaputira munyu uranium mupepuru yakasviba ndokuiisa mubhokisi pane danda rekutema. Kwapera vhiki akadzoka kuzopedza kudzidza. Asi, achiratidza firimu, akaona kudhindwa kwemunyu papepa, iyo yakaonekwa ikoko isina simba rekuedza.
11. Mawein dye
Dhayi yekugadzira yakaonekwa nekuda kwekushaiwa simba kwakaitwa nemakore gumi nemasere emakemikari William Perkin, uyo akanga achiedza kuita chirwere chemalaria. Asi kukanganisa kwesayendisiti kwakachinja zvachose nyika. Muna 1856, William akacherechedza kuti kuedza kwake, kana kuti pane turbid mash, akazora kapu mumuvara wakanaka. Saka pane yekutanga yenyika yakagadzirwa dhayi, iyo yainzi Mawein.
12. Pacemaker
Greatbatch Wilson akashanda pakugadzira chigadzirwa chinogona kunyora rwiyo rwemoyo wemunhu. Asi panguva yekuedza, akapinda nenzira yepachivande mumagetsi haisi kupikisa. Somugumisiro, chigadzirwa chacho zvakanyatsoenzanisa rhythm yemwoyo. Saka pane yekutanga yekugadzirisa pacemaker.
13. Vadhi Stika
Muna 1968, Spencer Silver yakaedza kugadzira gorosi yakasimba yeTapech tape, asi yakawana pane zvinyorwa zvakange zvakanyatsokonzera, asi kana zvichinyatsorongedzwa zviri nyore kubviswa kunze pasina kusiya. Mushure menguva dzakawanda dzisingabudirire kuedza kushandisa glue iyi, shamwari yaSirivha, Art Fry akaziva kuti glue rinogona kushandiswa pamapepa mapepa - stickers.
14. Microwave
Vanhu vose vari panyika vanofanirwa kuonga muchengeti weNavy Percy Spencer nekuwana microwave iyo yatinoshandisa nhasi muma microwave ovens. Percy akanga achishanda nemirairo ye microwave paakangoerekana aona kuti chokoreti muhomwe yake yakatanga kunyauka. Uye kubva muna 1945, hapana munhu munyika akaziva zvinetso nekupisa kwekudya.
15. Slinky - chitubu chemoto
Muna 1943, nyanzvi yeUnited States Navy Richard James akaedza nematsime, achiedza kutanga chigadzirwa chechikepe. Akangoerekana aisa tambo yakakanganiswa pasi. Uye tambo yakakwira uye yakasvetuka. Kubva panguva iyo, pakanga pane chido chechokwadi mune chiyiko ichi, icho munhu wese aifarira: vose vakuru nevana.
16. Vana Pinepineine Play-Do
Imwe yevana vanodikanwa zvikuru zvevana vanoonekwa nemukana wakakwana. Pakutanga, hutu hwemasikisi hwakanga huri chinhu kunze kwemavara ega ega akachenesa. Zvisinei, mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 vanhu vakamira kushandisa mashala ekupisa dzimba, zvinoreva kuti mifananidzo yakaramba yakachena yakareba kwenguva refu. Asi, nerufaro, mwanakomana wemuongorori ane nyanzvi Cleo McQuicker akawana kuti kubva muchiremera ichi unogona kuveza zvifananidzo zvakasiyana.
17. Nguva yakasimba
Muchigadziriro chekugadzira plastiki lens yekutarisa, Harry Kuver, muongorori we laboratori ye Kodak, akawana ganda yakagadzirwa yakagadzirwa kubva kucyanoacrylate. Asi panguva iyoyo, Harry akaramba izvi zvakawanikwa nekuda kwepamusoro-soro. Makore mashomanana gare gare, ichi chinhu chakadzokazve uye chakaonekwa pamusika sechinozikamwa "super glue".
18. Kufungidzira Velcro
Imwe nyanzvi yeFrance George de Mestral akanga ari mukuvhima pamwe nembwa yake paakaona kuti burdock yakanga yakanyanyisa kubatisisa kumvere ye shamwari yake ine mavara mana. Pakupedzisira, akakwanisa kubatanidza mashoko akadai mu laboratori. Asi izvo zvakagadzirwa hazvina kufarirwa kusvikira NASA ichizviziva.
19. X-ray mapuranga
Muna 1895, William Roentgen, panguva yekuedza kwemazuva emvura, zvakangoerekana zvaona kuti mazai e-cathode ray ray anofamba nezvinhu zvakasimba, achisiya mushure. Tsanangudzo yega yeiyi ndeyekuti chiedza chechiedza chakapfuura nepakati pezvikamu.
20. Girasi isina-fouling
Firipi wemakemikari Edward Benedict akakanganisa chivako pasi, asi zvishamiso hazvina kuputsa, asi zvakangoputika. Akashamisika, Edward akasarudza kudzidza chikwata zvachose uye akawana kuti cellulose nitrates yaiva mubhokisi isati yaita girazi rakasimba. Saka pakanga pane girazi rekuchengeteka.
21. Chibage chinopisa
Apo Waite Kate Kellogg akabatsira munun'una wake kugadzirira zvokudya kune avo vanorwara muchipatara, akaerekana aona kuti chidimbu, chakasara kwemaawa akawanda, chinoshandura zvayo. Uye ipapo Waite akasarudza kuona kuti chii chaizoitika kana akabika zvipfeko zvisina kufanira kwenguva yakareba. Kunyangwe zvisingazivikanwi zvakaitika chii semugumisiro wekuedza uku kwekugadzira, asi nhoroondo yechitarisiko che cornflakes yokutanga ndizvo chaizvo izvi.
22. Dynamite
Usafunga kuti vanhu vachangobva kudzidza kudzidzira chimwe chinhu. Kwemakore akawanda vanhu vakashandisa nitroglycerin uye pfuti, iyo, zvisinei, yakasiyana mukusagona kwezvinhu zvavo. Kamwe apo Alfred Nobel akashanda mu laboratori ne nitroglycerin uye pangozi akarasa chigadziko kubva mumaoko ake. Asi kuputika hakuna kutevera, uye Nobel akaramba achiri mupenyu, asina kukuvadzwa. Sezvazvakazoitika gare gare, iyo inowira zvakananga pamusoro pehuni chips, iyo yakashandisa nitroglycerin mukati mayo. Saka zvakagumiswa kuti nitroglycerin kana yakasanganiswa nemhando ipi zvayo yakaoma inova yakasimba.
23. Anesthesia
Zvakaoma kutaura kuti ndiani anobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kweaneshesia, asi zvechokwadi munhu wose anogona kuvonga nokuda kwekuwanikwa kweCrawford Long, William Morton naCharles Jackson. Ndivo ndivo vakatanga kutora zvishamiso zvinoshamisa zvemishonga yakasiyana-siyana, yakadai se nitrous oxide kana gay gasi.
24. Stainless steel
Nhasi, hatisi kumiririra hupenyu hwedu tisingabatanidzwi, izvo zvakagadzirwa neAngland metallurgist Harry Briarli. Harry akaumba chirongo chepfuti, chisina kupisa. Nguva pfupi mushure mekunge, metallurgist yakaidza vana vake nezvimwe zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Achibudirira kuedza jisi remuori pairi, Harry akaziva kuti metal yake yaizova chinhu chakanakisisa chekucheka.
25. Penicillin
Kudzidza staphylococci, Alexander Fleming akawedzera mabhakitiriya kune chikafu chePetri vasati vaenda kuzororo ndokubva asiya. Mushure mokudzoka kubva muzororo, Fleming aitarisira kuwona boka rakakura reabhakitiriya, asi, kushamiswa kwake, akaona ipapo chiganda chete. Mushure mekuongororwa, musayendisiti akawana kuti chikafu chechiganda chakadzivisa kukura kwe staphylococci, nokudaro kuzarura mushonga wekutanga wemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.