Ongororo yepfungwa ndiyo imwe nzvimbo yakasiyana nesayenzi, tsvakurudzo iyo yakagara ichikwezva zvakawanda. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, kukura kwayo kusati kwamboitika kwakaonekwa. Akadzidza chokwadi, zvichida kunyange zvakavanzika zvinangwa zvevanhu, mararamiro avo, akavadzidzisa kuti vanzwisise vavariro dzavo chaiyo.
Takanyora runyora rwekuzivikanwa kwepfungwa dzepamusoro, izvo zvinogona kuratidza pachena kuti munhu haazive zvose pamusoro pake. Mitsva mitsva inovhura, vazhinji vanonzwisisa kuti kutarisa kunooneka ndiko kuzvinyengedza, kunyangwe munhu haakwanisi kuzvidzora uye sezvaanoziva. Tora zvakanyanyisa pane urongwa, zvichida iwe uchawana chimwe chinhu chitsva.
1. "Kusarura" kuedza.
Jane Elliot, mudzidzisi weIowa, akakurudzira nyaya yekusarura mukirasi yake mushure mekunge Martin Luther King aurayiwa. Muchiitiko ichi, vadzidzi vekirasi yake muhupenyu hwehupenyu havana kufambidzana nevashoma vanogara munharaunda yavo. Chinokosha chekuedza ndiko kuti kirasi yakagoverwa maererano nemuvara wemeso - bhuruu uye maronda. Rimwe zuva akasarudza vadzidzi vemaziso ezvepuruu, yechipiri-maziso-mavara. Kuedza kwakaratidza kuti boka re "chinodzvinyirirwa" rinoita zvisingaiti. Hapana chiito, hapana chido chokuzviratidza. Iboka revanhu vanofarira mune chero ripi zvaro rinozviratidza, kunyange zuro raisagona kurarama nematambudziko anopiwa nemabasa.
2. Muroori piano.
Pakutanga kweVolkswagen, kuedza kwakaitwa kuratidza kuti kana iwe uchiita zvinhu zvezuva nezuva zvakakosha, hupenyu huchava husiri hunovhiringidza. Chidzidzo chakaitwa muStockholm, Sweden. Matanho emasitepiti ematare akachinjwa kuva piano yemimhanzi. Chinangwa chekuedza ndechekuona kana mimhanzi yakadaro ichatikurudzira kusiya chikwata chekufamba. Zvigumisiro zvakaratidza kuti 66% yevanhu vakasarudza nhare yemimhanzi zuva rega rega, kutendeuka mumaminitsi mashoma kuva vana. Zvinhu zvakadaro zvinogona kuita kuti upenyu huve hunofadza, hwakazara, uye vanhu vane utano hwakanaka.
3. "Fidder in the subway."
Muna 2007, musi waJanuary 12, vatasviki nevashambadzi vevashanyi vaiva nemukana wokuteerera violin virtuoso Joshua Bell. Akatamba kwemaminitsi makumi maviri nemashanu mumutambo weimwe yematambudziko akaoma, achiitisa pane violin. Pakati pevanhu vaipfuura, vanhu 6 bedzi ndivo vakamuteerera, 20 vakavapa mari, vamwe vakafamba, vabereki vakabvisa vana pavakamira pakuteerera mimhanzi. Hapana munhu aifarira nezvemaitiro e violinist. Chimbo chake uye basa. Apo Joshua Bella akapedzisa kutamba, pakanga pasina kuombera. Kuedza kwakaratidza kuti kunaka hakunzwisisi munzvimbo isina kunakidza uye panguva isina kunaka. Panguva imwe chete yemakontiyamu e violinist mumakiti e symphony makatengeswa kare, mari yavo yaiva $ 100.
4. Kuedza kusvuta.
Kuedza kwaiva kuti vanhu vaibvunzurudzwa muimba iyo yaipera zvishoma nezvishoma noutsi inobva pasi pesuwo. Maminitsi maviri ekuongorora, 75% yevanhu vakati utsi hunopinda mumba. Apo vaviri vevadzidzi vaiwedzererwa muimba iyo avo vakashandawo mubhuku remibvunzo, asi vakazvinyengera kuti pakanga pasina utsi, vanhu 9 pavatatu vakagamuchira nzvimbo yavo yekusimudzira, vachitambura nematambudziko. Chinangwa chekutsvakurudza ndechekuratidza kuti vazhinji vanogadzirisa kune vazhinji, kutora mafungiro asina kufanira hazvina kunaka. Zvakakosha kuva iye anoshanda nesimba.
5. Kuedza kwehutano muKarlsberg pakuburitsa.
Chinyorwa chekuedza: vakaroorana vakapinda muimba yakazara ye cinema, kwaiva nenzvimbo mbiri dzisina chinhu mukati. Vamwe vose vakanga vashanyira mabheji. Vamwe vakasara, asi kana vaviri vacho vakatora nzvimbo yakakodzera, yakagamuchira rumble of approval uye mugoro wewaini semabhonasi. Chinangwa chekuedza ndiko kuratidza kuti vanhu havagoni kutongwa nechitarisiko.
6. Kuongorora kwevhavha gorofu.
Chinokosha chekuedza ndiko kuratidza kuti, pamusana pemakwikwi pakati pemapoka, hukama huripo pakati pevatori vechikamu hunowedzera. Vakomana 11 nemakore gumi nemaviri vakapatsanurwa mumapoka maviri uye vaigara mumusasa musango, vachizvitonga, vasingazivi nezvehupo hwevakwikwi. Kwapera vhiki ivo vakaziviswa, uye iyo yakaipa yakasimbiswa nekuda kwekwikwidziro yakakonzerwa. Kwapera vhiki ivo vakazogadzirisa dambudziko rinowanzokosha - vakabudisa mvura, iyo yakagurwa nezvivande pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu. Chikonzero chinowanzogadziriswa, chakaratidza kuti basa rakadaro rinobvisa zvakaipa, rinokurudzira ushamwari.
7. Ongorora nemasipi.
Vana vane makore 4 kusvika ku6 vakapinda muimba umo masipiresi akamira patafura (marshmallows, pretzels, cookies). Vakataurirwa kuti vaigona kudya, asi kana vakakwanisa kumirira maminetsi gumi nemashanu, vaizogamuchira mubairo. Kunze kwevana 600 chete chikamu chiduku panguva imwechete chaidya chirapa kubva patafura, vamwe vakamirira vakamirira mubairo, vasina kubata kutapira. Kuedza kwakaratidza kuti chikamu ichi chevana gare gare chakave nezvimwe zviratidzo zvinobudirira muupenyu kupfuura avo vana vaisagona kuzvidzivirira.
8. Kuongorora kweMilgram.
Kuedza kwakaitwa muna 1961 neanodzidza nezvepfungwa Stanley Milgram. Chinangwa chayo ndechekuratidza kuti munhu achatevera mirairo yepamutemo, kunyange kana achikuvadza vamwe. Zvidzidzo zvaive mubasa revadzidzisi vaigona kudzora chigaro chegetsi pane mudzidzi akanga agere. Aifanira kupindura mibvunzo kana vakanganisa, vakawana kubuda. Somugumisiro, zvakazoitika kuti 65% yevanhu vakaita shanduro yekufambisa, kutarisira ikozvino, iyo inogona nyore nyore kudzivisa munhu wehupenyu. Kuteerera, iyo inokwidzwa kubva paudiki, haisi iyo yakanaka. Kuedza kwakaratidzwa pachena.
9. Ongorora nematambudziko emotokari.
Munguva yeruzivo rwa194, vatori vechikamu vakabvunzwa kuti vaone kukanganisa kwemotokari. Chinangwa ndechekuratidza kuti mhedziso dzevanhu dzinopesana zvichienderana nemhinduro dzemibvunzo. Vadzidzi vacho vakapatsanurwa kuva mapoka maviri, vakabvunzwa pamusoro pezvinhu zvimwe chete, asi maitiro uye zviito zvakanga zvakasiyana. Somugumisiro, zvakazoitika kuti maonero evanhu vokunze anobva pane kuti mubvunzo wacho wakabvunzwa sei. Kwete nguva dzose mashoko akadaro akavimbika.
10. Njodzi yekuongorora Evhangeri.
Vadzidzi veyunivhesiti vakabvunzwa kana vakabvumirana kwehafu yeawa kufamba-famba musasa semushambadziro wekurarama-ane bhokisi guru rine chinyorwa "Edya naJoe." Vaya vakabvumirana vaivimba kuti vazhinji veboka vaizobvumiranawo. Saizvozvowo, avo vakaramba kupinda muchiedza chekufunga. Chidzidzo chacho chakaratidza zvakajeka kuti munhu aimbova nekutenda kuti maonero ake anowirirana nemafungiro evaruzhinji.
11. Kuedza kusingaoneki kweGorilla.
Vakabvunzurudzwa vakatarisa vhidhiyo, apo vanhu vatatu vakapfeka mabhena machena uye vanhu vatatu mumashizha madema vakatamba basketball. Vaifanira kutarisa vatambi vakapfeka mabhena machena. Pakati pevhidhiyo panhandare yakaonekwa gorilla, uye pamwe chete yakagara ipapo kwemaminitsi 9. Somugumisiro, zvakazoitika kuti vamwe vavo havana kuona zvachose, vakagadzirirwa pakuona vatambi. Kuedza kwakaratidza kuti vazhinji havaoni chinhu chakavakomberedza uye kuti vamwe havanzwisisi kuti vanorarama vakaora mwoyo.
12. Ongororo "Chigaro".
Ichi chiedza nhasi chinonzi chine ngozi uye hachichiri kuitwa. Mumakore ekuma makumi matatu, chinangwa chake chaiva chekuratidza kuti kudengenyeka hakusi kukanganisa kwechimiro, asi chinonzi organic. 22 Nherera dzakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri. Dr. Johnson akaedza kuratidza kuti kana iwe uchitaura boka rimwe sekutengesa vana, ipapo kutaura kwavo kunongowedzera. Mapoka maviri akauya mberi. Iboka racho, rainzi kazhinji, rakapa hurukuro uye rakagadziriswa zvakanaka. Boka rechipiri rakangwarira, nekuchenjerera, rakagadzirisa hurukuro, risina chokwadi nezvekwanisiro. Pakupedzisira, kunyange ivo vana avo vasina kutanga kuedza, vakawana chirwere ichi. Mwana mumwe chete 1 haana kuwana kutyora. Vana vakatove vakanyarara, vakawedzera chimiro. Muchikamu chechipiri, mwana mumwe bedzi aiva nezvinetso nekutaura. Mune ramangwana, kudengenyeka kunowanikwa kwakagara nevana nekuda kwehupenyu, kuedza kwakaratidzwa kunge kunogona kuva nengozi.
13. Ongorora nemagumisiro eHothorne.
Kuongorora neHotthorne effect yakaitwa muna 1955. Akatevera chinangwa chekuratidza kuti mamiriro ekushanda anoshanda kubudirira. Somugumisiro, zvakazoitika kuti hapana kuvandudzwa (zviri nani kupenya, kuputsika, nguva shoma yekushanda) hazvipindi chigumisiro chekupedzisira. Vanhu vakashanda zviri nani, vachiziva kuti muridzi webhizimisi anovatarisira. Vaifara kunzwa kunzwa kwavo, uye kubereka kwaikura.
14. Edzai nehutano hwemahara.
Chinangwa chayo ndechekuratidza kuti mafungiro akanaka ekutanga pamusoro pemunhu anoita kuti, munguva yemberi, unhu hwake hunoonekwa sei. Edward Thorndike, uyo ari pedagogue uye mupfungwa yepfungwa, akakumbira vatungamiri vaviri kuti vaongorore musoja pane zvimwe zvipimo. Chinangwa chaiva chekuratidza kuti munhu akambove akawana kuongorora kwakanaka kwemuuto, mune ramangwana, zvisati zvaitika, akamupa tsanangudzo yakanaka yezvimwe zvose. Kana pakutanga paiva nekutsoropodza, mutungamiri akapa mamiriro ekusaongorora akaipa. Izvi zvakaratidza kuti pfungwa yekutanga inobata basa rinokosha pakuwedzera kutaura.
15. Nyaya yaKen Genovese.
Kuurayiwa kwaKitti kwakanga kusingarongedzwi sekuedza, asi kwakatsamwisa kuwanikwa kwechidzidzo chinonzi "Bidentar." Izvo zvinoitwa nemunhu anotarisa zvinowanikwa, kana munhu asingadziviriri kupindira mune mamiriro ezvinhu epamuviri nekuvapo kwake. Genovese akaurayiwa muimba yake, uye zvapupu zvakatarisa izvi hazvina kumira kumubatsira kana kudana mapurisa. Mugumisiro: vanocherechedza vanosarudza kusapindira nezviri kuitika kana pane zvimwe zvapupu, sezvo vasinganzwi vane mhosva.
16. Ongorora neBhobo doll.
Kuedza kunoratidza kuti mufambiro wevanhu unodzidzwa ne rubatsiro rwemagariro evanhu, kunyora uye kwete nhaka.
Albert Bandura akashandisa chido cheBhobo kuti aratidze kuti vana vanonyora maitiro evanhu vakuru. Akaparadzanisa vatori vechikamu mumapoka akawanda:
- mumwe mwana akatanga kudzokorora maitiro ane utsinye achienda kuchido, kunyora vakuru;
- yechipiri inongotamba nemapopi, kutevedzera munhu asina kukura;
- muboka rechitatu vaiva vana vakanga vasati vasangana nevanhu vakuru.
Somugumisiro wekuedza, sosayenzi akaziva kuti vana vainyanya kushandisa nzira yekutsamwisa yemafambiro, kunyanya vakomana.
17. Kuedza kuenderana kweAsch (Ash).
Kuedza kweAsh kwakaratidza kuti vanhu vanoedza kuenzanirana nemasangano emagariro evanhu. Mumwe murume akauya mukamuri ane nyaya dzekuedza, akabata muruoko rwake mufananidzo nemitsara mitatu. Akakumbira munhu wese kuti ataure kuti ndeipi yemitsetse ndiyo yakareba. Vanhu vazhinji vakanyora mhinduro dzakaipa. Kwavari, vanhu vatsva vakaiswa muimba yacho, avo vakaedza kufanana nehuwandu husina kupindurwa wakapindura. Somugumisiro, zvakaratidzwa kuti mumapoka emamiriro ezvinhu, vanhu vanowanzoita sevamwe, pasinei neuchapupu hwekuita kwakarurama.
18. MuSamaria akanaka.
Mukufamba kwekuedza kunoratidzwa kuti chimiro chechiitiko chinonyanya kukanganisa kuratidzirwa kwomutsa. Boka revadzidzi kubva kuPrinceton seminary seminary rakazadzwa muna 1973 mubvunzo wemibvunzo yezvidzidzo zvechitendero nemabasa. Mushure mekunge vaifanira kuenda pane imwe chivako. Vadzidzi vane zvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana maererano nekukurumidza kwekufamba uye vakatanga shanduko. Ari mumugwagwa, mutambi wacho akatevedzera nyika yekusabatsiri (akavhima, kuratidzira hutano hwehutano). Zvichienderana nekukurumidza kwevatambi vechikamu, zvakatsigira kuti vangani vadzidzi vakabatsira munhu. 10% yevanhu vachikurumidza kuenda kune imwe chivako, vakamubatsira; avo vaifamba pasina kukurumidza vakagadzirisa dambudziko rake kune imwe huru. 63% yevatori vechikamu vakabatsira. Kukurumidza kuve chinhu chaicho, icho chakadzivirira chiito chakanaka.
19. Kamera yaFranz.
Franz muna 1961 yakaratidza kuti munhu atozvarwa patsva achida kutarisa zviso zvevanhu. Mwana wacho akaiswa, bhodhi rakavakwa pamusoro paro, kwaiva nemifananidzo 2 - chiso chomunhu uye meso ehando. Franz akatarisa kumusoro, uye akagumisa kuti mwana anotarisa mumunhu. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nenzira iyi - chiso chomunhu chinotakura ruzivo runokosha rwehupenyu hwomwana hutsva.
20. Chiratidzo chechitatu.
Ron Johnson, mudzidzisi wenhau pachikoro chesekondari muCalifornia, akaratidza kuti sei maGermany akabvuma hurumende neNazi mashoma. Akapedza mazuva anoverengeka mukirasi yake yekuita maitiro aifanira kubatana uye kurangwa. Sangano racho rakatanga kukura, nhamba yevateveri yakawedzera, akaunganidza vadzidzi ku rally uye vakati vaizoudzwa pamusoro pehupenyu hwemutungamiri wehutungamiri hweterevhizheni. Apo vadzidzi vaisvika - ivo vakasangana nechitsiko chisina chinhu, uye mudzidzisi akataura nezvekuti Nazi Germany yakashanda sei uye chii chakavanzika chemashoko ayo.
21. Chiitiko chezvesuzhinji.
Kuongorora Facebook 2012 kwakava kusununguka. Vapi venzvimbo yekutambirwa kwevanhu havana kuudza vashandi vavo pamusoro payo. Pasati vhiki imwechete, kukoshesa kwevashandisi kwakanyanyisa pazvinhu zvisina kunaka kana zvakanaka. Somugumisiro, zvakaratidzwa kuti mafungiro akaiswa kune vashandisi mumasangano evanhu, anogunzva zvakananga hupenyu hwavo hwechokwadi. Migumisiro yenyaya iyi inokakavadzana, asi munhu wese anoziva zvinogadzirisa sei mazuva ano social network kune vanhu.
22. Ongorora nevana vekuzvarwa.
Muna 1950s-1960s Harry Harlow akaita chidzidzo, achiedza kuwana hukama pakati porudo rwaamai uye kubudirira kwakanaka kwomwana. Vabatanidzwa mukuedza kwaiva macaques. Pakarepo mushure mokuberekwa, vana vakagadzirirwa muzvikamu - zvigadzirwa zvakakosha izvo zvingagona kupa chikafu kune vechidiki. Mutsara wokutanga wakanga wakakomberedzwa netambo, wechipiri nejira rakapfava. Somugumisiro, zvakaratidzwa kuti vana vaikwanisa kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo yakaderera. Mune nguva yekuzvidya mwoyo, vakamugamuchira, vachiwana nyaradzo. Vana vakadaro vakakurira nekushushikana mupfungwa kumunhu akazvipira. Ivana vakakurira pedyo neavo vaiputira mumatare havana kunzwa manzwiro ehukama, girasi rakanga risina kunaka kwavari. Vakanga vasina zororo, vakamhanyira kune pasi.
23. Ongorora pamusoro pekuziva nezvekushaya pfungwa.
Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Leon Festinger muna 1959 akaunganidza boka rehurukuro, achivakumbira kuti vaite basa rakaoma, basa rakaoma - zvakange zvakafanira kuisa mapegi mubhodhi kweawa imwe. Somugumisiro, chikamu chimwe cheboka chakabhadharwa $ 1, yechipiri $ 20. Izvi zvakaitwa kuti vimbise kuti mushure mokubuda mukamuri, zvese zvehurukuro dzakashuma kuti basa racho raifadza. Vagari vemunharaunda vakagamuchira $ 1 vakati vaitarisira kuti basa iri rinonakidza. Vaya vakagamuchira $ 20 vakati basa racho rakanga risina kufadza. Mhedziso - munhu anozviratidza kuti anoreva nhema, haanyengeri, anotenda mazviri.
24. Stanford Prison Experiment.
Kuedza kweStford kwakadzidziswa naPurofesa wepfungwa Firipi Zimbardo muna 1971. Iye purofesa akataura kuti kusatorwa mutirongo kwakatsamwiswa nechikamu chinokosha chekuzivikanwa kwevarindi nevasungwa. Vadzidzi vakapatsanurwa kuva mapoka maviri - vasungwa, varindi. Pakutanga kwekuedza, vasungwa vakapinda mu "jeri" vasina zvinhu zvavo, vasina kupfeka. Vakagamuchira chimiro chakanaka, kuvata. Varindi vakatanga kuratidzira kurwisana kune vasungwa maawa mashomanana mushure mokutanga kwekuedza. Kwapera vhiki, vamwe vakatanga kuratidza kushushikana kwevasungwa. Vadzidzi vanoita basa re "vasungwa" vakaputsika mutsika uye mumuviri. Kuedza kwakaratidza kuti munhu anotora chikamu chisingatauriki, muenzaniso wekuita munharaunda. Kusvikira kutanga kwekuedza, hakuna mumwe wevaya vakange vari "kudzivirirwa", havana kuratidza kushushikana kwekushushikana.
25. Ongororo "Yakarasika muMall".
Gene Koan uye mudzidzi wechikoro Elizabeth Loftus akaratidza unyanzvi hwekurangarira kuiswa mumusoro, zvichienderana nekuti zvinyorwa zvenhema zvingagadzirwa maererano neshoko rekuedza. Akatora mudzidzi semuedzo mumhuri yake, akapa zviyeuchidzo zvenhema kubva paudiki hwake pamusoro pekuti vakarasikirwa sei muchitoro chekutengesa. Nhau dzakasiyana. Mushure mechinguva, munhu anoremekedzwa akaudza mukoma wake nhau yake yenhema, uye munin'ina wake akatoita tsananguro munyaya yacho. Pakupedzisira iye pachake haaikwanisa kunzwisisa kuti ndeyepi pfungwa dzekunyepedzera, uye iyo iripo. Nekufamba kwemazuva, zviri kuramba zvichioma kuti munhu aone kusiyana kwezvakakanganwa kubva kune vechokwadi.
26. Kuedza kwekusabatsirwa.
Martin Seligman akaitisa muna 1965 ruongorori rwezvidzidzo nezvekusimudzira kusagadzikana. Mukuedza kwake, imbwa dzakabatanidzwa: mushure mokunge bhero rakataura, pane kudya vakagamuchira tsvina shoma yemagetsi. Panguva imwecheteyo, vakaramba vasinganyunyuti muhudhu. Gare gare, imbwa dzaiiswa muhomwe ine fence. Vamwe vakati shure kwekudana kwavo vaizouya pamusoro payo, asi izvi hazvina kuitika. Imbwa dzisina kupedza muedzo, mushure mokudanwa uye kuedza kuvhundusa iwo nemagetsi, pakarepo vakabva vatiza. Izvi zvakaratidza kuti chiitiko chakaipa munguva yakapfuura chinoita kuti munhu asabatsire, haaedzi kubuda mumamiriro acho ezvinhu.
27. Kuduku kwakaitwa Albert.
Nhasi, kuedza kunoonekwa kunopera, kusina tsika. Yakaitwa muna 1920 naJohn Watson uye Rosalie Reiner paJohn Hopkins University. Mwana ane gore rimwe chete Albert akaiswa pamatesi mukati mekamuri uye rweru rakaiswa mukati. Mushure meizvozvo, kwaiva nemitauro yakasiyana-siyana neine nguva shomadicity, iyo mwana akazoita nekuchema. Mushure mezvo, karo chete ndiyo yakaratidzwa kwaari, yaifunga kuti iyo inokonzera kutsamwa, yakabatana nemheremhere. Munguva yemberi, zvakadaro zvaiva kune zviduku zviduku zviduku zvakachena. Zvose izvo zvakafanana zvakangofanana naye, zvakatanga kumutsamwisa kuchema. Kuedza hakuitikwi nhasi nekuda kwekuti haina kuita maererano nemutemo, ine nguva dzakawanda dzisina kunaka.
28. Kuongorora kwembwa Pavlov.
Pavlov akaitisa tsvakurudzo yakawanda, panguva iyo akawana kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvisingaenderani nemafungiro zvinogona kukuvadza kuonekwa kwake. Izvi zvakasimbiswa paakachema bhero ndokupa imbwa zvokudya. Mushure mechinguva, kungoita izvi zvinonzwika zvinotyisa. Izvi zvakaratidza kuti munhu anodzidza kubatanidza kukurudzira kune chimwe chinhu, chimiro chinonzi reflex chinoumbwa.