Kutevedzera munzanga ndeimwe yezvinodiwa zvepfungwa zvevanhu. Unhu, kuwira kubva munzanga, kunonzi marginal, asi izvi hazvirevi kuti munhu akadaro anenge ari murombo uye anotungamirira nzira inoparadza yehupenyu. Sezvo wakadzidza kuti ndiani akazvidzivirira zvakadaro, zvinokwanisika kuvawana vakashamisika pakati pevanozivana navo.
Ndivanaani tsanangudzo yemuganhu
Maererano nenharaunda inotsanangura duramazwi, munhu wepamuviri munhu munhu ari munharaunda yemuganhu wakaenzana pakati pemapoka maviri kana kupfuura emagariro evanhu, maitiro, uye tsika. Zvinorevei, rutivi rwemagariro nderwendo rusingadikanwi, asi haruiti harubudiriri, unzenza kana kuti unotambura nehutano hwehutano. Zvinotendwa kuti vekutanga vakasunungurwa kubva muuranda, vanhu vakasiya nzvimbo yakajairika, asi havagone kuva nhengo dzakakwana dzevanhu pakarepo.
Kana zvikamu zvisiri mumharaunda zvisingaiti mabasa anobatsira evanhu, zvino zvigadzirisa zvinetso zvakasiyana-siyana. Marginals anokwanisa kupinda mumapoka uye kuita mhirizhonga. Mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope, izvi zvinowanzova kupanduka kwevanhu vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika. Vanhu ava, avo vakagamuchirwa kune imwe nyika, vaine dzimba uye zvokudya, zvinogona kuunza matambudziko akawanda kuvanhu vanochengeta mutemo vanogara. Zvimwe zvishoma zvisingakuvadzi zvinoparadzaniswa, semuenzaniso, unogona kuuya nevamiriri vemarudzi mashoma, mafashoni movement downshifters, nezvimwewo.
Nzvimbo ye "marginal" inogona kurongerwa kune munhu neruzhinji kana kutorwa nomumwe munhu oga. "Kutengesa" uye "kunyora" kune vanhu vasiri vanhu vanogona kuitika mubasa revanhu, muchipatara, muchikoro. Zviduku-zvenyika, zvepabonde, nezvimwewo, zvinowanzotarisirwa kudzvinyirira kwakadaro. Uku kuputsa kodzero dzevanhu. Munhu wacho anogona kuona zvaanofunga iye oga. Munyaya iyi, anofanirwa kusarudza - "dzokera kuhutano" kana kurarama nehupenyu hwe "marginal".
Ndivanaani vanonzi marginalals uye lumpen?
Izwi rokuti "lumpen" rakatangwa naK. Marx, akataurira boka iri vagabonds, vapemhi, mabhendi. Mune maonero evanhu vemumaguta, lumpens nevakasununguka ndivo boka rimwe revanhu vane zvinodiwa zvakafanana uye mararamiro. Izvi hazvisi zvechokwadi. Lumpen inorondedzerwa, mumuviri uye mumitemo yakadzika chikamu, "mararamiro emagariro" ayo ari chikamu cheboka remukati, asi rutivi rwemukati harusi nguva dzose lumpen.
Zviratidzo zvevashandi
Chimwe chinhu chikuru chemagariro evanhu vemagariro evanhu ndiko kuputsika mune zvehupfumi, zvemagariro evanhu uye zvekunamata zviripo muhupenyu hwe "homegrown". Vapoteri uye vapoteri vakawanda ndivo vanorambidzwa. Mumwe aimbova murume weuto uyo akadzingwa kubva kushumiro asi uyo asati awanikwa mumasangano evanhu anogona kukwira pamucheto wemagariro evanhu. Ukama nehupfuura hwakadzingwa, asi hakuna humwe hutsva, uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akashata, haazovipo. Zvadaro munhu anokwanisa kuderedza-i.e. kunyura kune "pasi" chaiyo yehupenyu.
Zvimwe zviratidzo zvekusawirirana:
- kufamba - kunobuda mukusava kwemba, zvigadziriswa;
- Matambudziko epfungwa - kuonekwa nekuda kwekusakwanisa kuwana "nzvimbo yavo pasi pezuva";
- kusimbiswa kwemaonero avo, dzimwe nguva kuvengana nevevanhu varipo;
- kusununguka kwakakwana kwokubatanidzwa mumabasa asina pamutemo.
Marudzi evanhukadzi
Nekubudirira kwakanaka kwezviitiko, nguva yekuparadzanisa mumunhu haigari kwenguva yakareba - nekuchinja, kuwana basa, kuwirirana munzanga, anorasikirwa nehutano hwemumativi. Kusiyana kwevanhu vakave vasina kukanganisa (vapoteri) kana avo avo vanoziva vakasarudza nzira iyi yehupenyu (vagabonds, radicals, extremists, revolutionaries). Nyanzvi dzezvematongerwo enyika dzinogovana maitiro makuru emapoka emagariro: zvematongerwe enyika, maitiro, zvechitendero, zvehupfumi, zvehupfumi, uye zvehupenyu.
Matongerwe enyika
Kuti tinzwisise kuti akadaro mune zvematongerwe enyika, zvinoreva izwi iri, tinogona kuyeuka nguva yekuuya kwesimba raFidel Castro muCuba, pamwe chete nekudzvinyirira ropa. "Chiwi cheRusununguko" chave chisingaverengeki kune hupenyu hwevanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni maviri vakatizira kune dzimwe nyika, vachiva, zvechokwadi, vezvematongerwo enyika - vanhu vasina kugutsikana nehurumende yezvematongerwo enyika, mitemo yayo.
Mahedheni mararamiro
Vanhu avo vari pasi pekusarurana kwemadzinza vanowanzotaurwa sevanhu vakaberekwa nevamiriri vemarudzi akasiyana. Hazvina hutano hweperethnic hunoita kuti vanhu vasarudze, izvi zvinongoitika chete kana mwana asingatauri kune imwe nyika yevabereki - munyaya iyi, haagamuchiri kupi. Imwe mhinduro kumubvunzo wekuti vanhu vakadaro vanobva kune mamwe marudzi ndeapi vashoma, vamiririri vemarudzi maduku zvikuru vanogara kune dzimwe nyika.
Zvinyorwa zvechitendero
Ruzhinji rwevanhu munzanga runoenderana nechimwe chireurura, kana kuti havatendi kuna Mwari zvachose. Mahedheni ezvitendero anodana vanhu vanotenda kuti kune simba rakakwirira, asi havakwanisi kuzviti ivo vamiririri vechitendero chiripo. Pakati pevanhu vakadaro (vaporofita) mumwe anokwanisa kusangana nevaya vakaunganidza vanhu vakafanana uye vakasika kereke yavo pachavo.
Zvikamu zvevanhu
Zvinhu zvakadai sekuparadzaniswa kwevanhu munzanga kunowanikwa munharaunda inosangana nematambudziko: kukanda, kupandukira, nezvimwewo. Mapoka ose evanhu vari munharaunda inoshandura vanorasikirwa nenzvimbo yavo uye havagoni kuiwana mumutambo mutsva. Maitiro akadaro emagariro evanhu anowanzova vatorwa, sekuti muenzaniso unogona kuyeuka vamiriri vevakuru, avo vakasiya Russia mushure mekuvandudzwa kwe1917.
Marginal economic
Mhinduro kumubvunzo wokuti ndiani wezvematongerwe enyika ari, inowanzosvika pakushaya basa uye pamwe chete nechiitiko cheurombo. Vashandi vezvematongerwo enyika vanomanikidzwa kana kurasa nemaune mukana wekuwana uye kurarama kune imwe yemari - kubatsirwa kubva kune vamwe, zvipo zvehurumende, zvipo, nezvimwewo. Munharaunda yemazuva ano, vanhu vanochera mune zvoupfumi vanowanikwawo sevanhu vakawanda, avo vanobviswawo kubva munzanga.
Biomarginals
Sangano rakanaka rehutano revanhu rinoreva kutarisira avo vari mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma nekuda kwematambudziko ehutano, saka mubvunzo wekuti mararamiro akadaro haafaniri kubuda. Ichokwadi, avo vasina kukosha kwevanhu nekuda kwehutano hwakanaka, havasi kudzivirirwa zvachose. Biomanginals inonzi inoshaiwa, inorwara, yakwegura, vane utachiona hweHIV, vana vane Down's syndrome , nezvimwewo.
Zviito uye hurombo hwekuda
Pakutanga, zvinoreva zvisina kunaka zvezwi rokuti "marginal" zvave zvatochinja uye hazviiti nguva dzose zvine mutoro wakaipa. Kuve kunze kwe "mombe," kusiyanisa kubva kune vakawanda kune mafashoni uye kunyange yakakurumbira, asi rutivi rwakanaka rwekuparadzanisa runogona kuwanikwa kunyange muzvinyorwa zvekare zvechiitiko ichi:
- miganhu inowedzera kupfuura vanhuwo zvavo, zviri nyore kwavari kuti vaende kune imwe nyika iri kubudirira mune zvemari, kuwana basa riri nani-kubhadhara, kuchinja basa ravo;
- nemhaka yekusiyana kwavo nedzimwe nhengo dzenzanga, vamwe vanogadzirisa vanogona kuvaka bhizinesi ravo pachavo, somuenzaniso, rudzi rwemagariro rinogona kuvhura doro nezvinhu izvo vanhu vake vanozvigadzira;
- Pamusana pemafungiro avo anowanzoshanda anowanzoendesa chimwe chinhu chitsva, kufambira mberi kune dzimwe nyika.
Nguva dzisina kunaka dzekusarudzwa dzinosanganisira chokwadi chokuti chiitiko ichi chinowanzobatanidzwa nekuchinja kukuru muhutano hwevanhu - kuchinja, kuchinja. Munharaunda, sangano nguva dzose rinotambura nekuchinja kwakadaro - nyika inoshaya, inosara nekuvimbisa vanhu. Chimwe chinhu chakaipa chekuparadzaniswa kwevanhu munharaunda ndiko kupera kwemaitiro ehupenyu nekuchengeteka nekuda kwekugadzirisa kwevanhu vakawanda vakaregererwa.
Kusagadzikana kusina kunaka mune izvozvi kana kuchigadzirwa. Nokurwisana kwenguva refu, hondo, nhamba yevanhu vakaderedzwa inokura zvishoma nezvishoma, somugumisiro wevanhu vasina mhosva vanoparara uye vanowira "kusvika pasi." Mienzaniso yekumanikidzwa kwechisimba ndiyo Holocaust yehurudzi rwechiJudha, yakarongedzwa neFascist Germany uye Stalinist repressions, zvichibva pamakore mazana ezviuru zvevanhu vakatapwa, vakatapwa uye vakashaiwa basa neimba.
Marginality uye urombo
Kubva munharaunda yemazuva ano mhinduro kumubvunzo wekuti mararamiro akadaro akachinja zvakadini hausi kure nemigumisiro yekusarura - urombo, kurasa rusununguko kana kunyange upenyu. Maitiro, sekutotaurwa, anogona kuva vanhu vakapfuma kwazvo, avo, nekuda kwekuchengeteka kwavo, vakasununguka kupfuura dzimwe nhengo dzevanhu. Uye hazvisi zvisizvo kune vhizimisi vanobudirira kusiya mabhizinesi avo uye vanobva mumaguta makuru ehurumende uye kumisha.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai sekumhanya kwakakodzera kufungidzira pamusoro pekunge zvisati zvaitika kare kare vakaonekwa pasishifters. Kubva pakuberekwa, munhu wacho anowirirana nenzira mbiri - zvose zvehutano uye munhu. Zvakanaka, masimba aya anofanira kunge akaenzana, asi chaizvoizvo chimwe chezvinhu izvi kakawanda chinowedzera. Nekusimbiswa kwehutano hwevanhu, kubvumirana kunoberekwa, uye nekuwedzera kune mumwe munhu, pasi rekudzivirira rinogona kuberekwa.
Downshifter munhu akasarudza hupenyu kunze kwevanhu kana kuti kukurukurirana zvakanyanya kune vanhu vasiri mhuri yake. Iyi iri mumuganhu, iyo yakakwana zvakakwana nekuve kwake mumuganhu wenyika, apo iye akasununguka kutenderera pasi rose, kurarama zvakakwana zvakasununguka. Kazhinji kacho, vanononoka vanofarira kushandisa unyanzvi - vanopenda, vanyora mabhuku, nezvimwewo. Uye kukanganisa kwavo nguva dzose inenge ichidiwa, tk. munyori ane simba rakasimba uye zvisingafungiri kufunga .