Mafungiro anonyanya kuongorora anodzidza hupenyu, kuvapo kwevanhu pakuva kwake uye kubudirira, uye kunouya kubva pashoko rokuti existentia - kuvapo. Munhu anouya munyika ino uye anogadzirisa zvinetso zvekusurukirwa, rudo, sarudzo, kutsvaga zvinorehwa uye kupesana nechokwadi chekusadzivirirwa kwerufu.
Maziviro epfungwa - tsanangudzo
Chiripo chepfungwa dzepanyama ndechekuraira kwakakurumbira kubva kune filosofi, iyo inoona munhu sechisikwa chakasiyana, uye hupenyu hwake hwose hwakasiyana uye hunokosha zvikuru. Nhungamiro ye existential mune zvepfungwa yakatanga kukura nesimba nemazana mazana emakore adarika, uye iri kudiwa munyika yanhasi.
Nhoroondo yepo existential psychology
Muvambi we existential psychology - zvakaoma kutumidza munhu mumwe chete, ruzivo rwakakwana rwevanyori nevanodzidza nezvepfungwa dzakakonzera kukurudzirwa kwechirevo ichi. Nzira dzepfungwa dzinogara dziripo dzinotora kukura kwayo kubva pane zvinoshamisa uye pfungwa dzevanyori veRussia LN. Tolstoy naFI. Dostoevsky. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. muongorori wepfungwa wechiGermany uye muzivi, K. Jaspers, achidzokorora nzira dzetsika dzepfungwa dzepfungwa, akabudisa pfungwa dzehupenyu huri mavari.
Ludwig Binswanger, chiremba wekuSwitzerland, achidzidza mabasa aJaspers naHeidegger, anotanga iko existalism mune zvepfungwa. Munhu haachazovi chinhu chinongorongedzwa chiri nyore chezvipfungwa zvepfungwa uye maitiro, asi inokosha, sangano rakasiyana. Zvino pane kukurumidza kukura kwepoist psychology namatavi awo, anosanganisira rakakurumbira logotherapy yaVr. Frankl.
Iko mazano ekutanga eve existential kusvika mune zvepfungwa
Mafungiro anowanikwa-evanhu anobva pane zvinokosha:
- Kuziva uye kuzviziva;
- rusununguko;
- mutoro;
- tsvaga chinangwa;
- chisarudzo;
- kuziva rufu.
Maziviro epfungwa, mazano ayo nemitemo zvinotorwa kubva kufilosofi, iyo ndiyo "nyanzvi":
- rusununguko rwokusununguka rwemunhu runomubatsira kuti arambe achibudirira;
- ruzivo rwemukati yenyika ndeyezvinodiwa zvinotungamirirwa nemumwe munhu;
- kuziva nezvekufa kwavo nekugamuchirwa kwechokwadi ichi-chinhu chine simba rekuzivisa chigadzirwa chemuumbi wega;
- existential kuzvidya mwoyo inova ndiyo inokonzera nzira yekuwana iwe pachako zvinoreva zvakajeka muhupenyu hunoratidzika husina maturo.
Mafungiro anonyanya kuitika - vamiririri
Pfungwa yepo existential yaVr. Frankl muenzaniso mukuru kwazvo wokusarega, kuwana mukati mavo chido chekurarama. Frankl akakonzera kuvimba kwakasimba mukuti zvose zvepfungwa dzake dzepfungwa dzakaedzwa paari pachake uye ivo vanhu avo, nenzira yakaipa, vakave mumapuranga emusasa wevascist concentration. Mamwe anozivikanwa ano exist psychologists:
- Rollo May;
- Irvin Yalom;
- James Buergenthal;
- Alfred Lengle;
- Alice Holtzhey-Kunz;
- Boss Medard;
- Ludwig Binswanger.
Kunyanya kutaura nenzira yepfungwa
Nzira yekuvepo-yevanhu mukufunga kwepfungwa ndeyokutungamirira umo unhu hwemunhu hune hukuru hunokosha mukubatana nemufananidzo wake wepakati wepanyika wekunaka, iye oga. Mafungiro anonyanya kuitika anodzidzisa nzira dziri nyore uye kurwara kwenguva refu mumamiriro ezvinhu ekuparadzwa uye kuparadzwa kubva pakuve kubatsira vanhu kuwana tsanangudzo itsva uye zvisarudzo, kuti abve panzvimbo yechirwere apo hapana chinogona kuitwa kuti chivandudzike.
Zvinyorwa zvitsvene zvepfungwa dzevanhu uye zvepo
Kuzivikanwa kwepfungwa ndeyebazi rezvepfungwa dzevanhu, mazano mazhinji ehutano pamusoro pehupenyu hweunhu ane tsanangudzo yakafanana. Humanistic uye existential psychology pfungwa huru:
- kuzaruka kwomunhu kune nyika, ruzivo rwomunhu munyika ino uye pfungwa yorugare mukati medu ndeyechokwadi chikuru chepfungwa;
- hupenyu hwevanhu ndohwekuti anoramba achida kuzviratidza uye kuenderera mberi kwekugadzirisa maitiro ake;
- munhu ane rusununguko, kuda uye kusarudza mukati mehutano hwake;
- Unhu ndewokusika, sangano rinoshanda;
- hupenyu hweumwe munhu hunofanirwa kuonekwa senzira imwechete yekuve nekuve.
Kunzwisisa unhu huri mukati mehutano hwezvepo
Unhu huripo mune zvepo psychology hwakasiyana, hwakasiyana uye hwechokwadi. Kunyanya kwepfungwa yepamusoro hakugadziri gadziriro yemunhu, kuchivhara ikozvino, asi inobvumira kukura, kuchinja. Paanotsanangura unhu, vatori venyika vanogona kushandisa sangano remitambo, uye havakwanisi sevamwe mazano echechi yepfungwa panyaya yekutsanangurwa kweunhu hunhu uye hurumende. Munhu wacho ane rusununguko rwokuda uye kusarudzwa .
Nzira dzepo existential psychology
Kuzivikanwa kwepfungwa sezvinoitwa nesayenzi kunofanira kunge kwakagadzirirwa pane nzira dzakananga, maitiro, zvidzidzo zvepamusoro, asi pano imwe inogona kusvika pane zvinopesana zvakasiyana. Nzira inonyanya kukosha ndeyekuvaka hukama hwakadaro pakati pemutengi uye mushonga, unogona kurondedzerwa nemashoko: kutendeseka, kuvimbika nekuvapo. Kutendeseka kunoreva kuzarurirwa kwakakwana kwechiremba kumurwere kuitira kugadzira ukama hwekuvimba.
Nzira dzebasa rezvepfungwa yepoistential existential nekutya rufu:
- "Chibvumirano chekutsungirira" - kushanda nekuzadzika kwerufu, mupanzvi pachake anofanira kuita zvaanotya munharaunda ino uye oedza panguva yekurapa kukurudzira murwere kutaura pamusoro pekufa sezvinogona.
- Shanda nemaitiro ekudzivirira. Muongorori anotungamirira murwere kuti achinje mupfungwa dzake pamusoro porufu zvinyoronyoro, asi nekusingaperi, kushanda kuburikidza nekuziva nzira dzisina kukodzera dzokudzivirira.
- Shanda nemaroto. Nguva dzinotambudza dzinowanzove dzisina chinhu chisingabvumi kutya kwekufa.
Matambudziko epo existential psychology
Pfungwa huru uye mafungiro evepo psychology zvakapfupikiswa nevanyanzvi vehutungamiri uhu kune huwandu hwezvinetso zvinotarisana ne existential psychology. Irvine Yalom akacherechedza matambudziko mana ezvidzidzo zvakakosha:
- Matambudziko ehupenyu, rufu uye nguva - munhu anoziva kuti anofa, kuti izvi hazvidzivisiki. Chido chokurarama uye kutya kwekufa kunopesana.
- Zvinetso zvekukurukurirana, kusurukirwa uye rudo - kuzadzika kwekusurukirwa munyika ino: munhu anouya munyika ino oga uye anosiya iye oga, ari oga muvanhu vazhinji.
- Matambudziko emhosva, kusarudzwa uye rusununguko - chido chevanhu nekuda kwekusununguka uye kusavapo kwemapurogiramu, kudzivisa, kuronga zvivako uye, panguva imwechete, kutya kwekusavapo kwavo kunokonzera kukakavara.
- Zvinetso zvezvinoreva uye kusina maturo kwehupenyu hwevanhu zvinobva kune matambudziko matatu okutanga. Munhu ari kugara achiziva iye pachake uye nyika yakamukomberedza, anozvigadzirira zvaanoreva. Kurasikirwa kwezvinoreva kunobva pakuzadzika kwekusurukirwa kwevanhu, kusarura uye kusagona kwekufa.
The existential crisis in psychology
Nheyo dzepo existential psychology dzinobva pakuvapo kwematambudziko anowanikwa mumunhu. Dambudziko iripo rinotora chero munhu kubva pauduku hwake kusvika pakukwegura, mumwe nomumwe kamwe kamwe akazvibvunza pachake zvinorehwa noupenyu, kuvapo kwake, kuva kwake. Vamwe vanhu vane mafungiro evamwe, vamwe vanogona kunge vane dambudziko rakapinza uye rinorwadza, kutungamirira kusava nehanya nekushaiwa kwechimwe chikonzero chehupenyu: dzose pfungwa dziri kupera, remangwana inofanirwa uye inogadzikana.
Dambudziko iripo rinogona kupinda mukati mehupenyu hwose hwehupenyu hwevanhu. Zvinonzwisisika kuti izvi zvinoshamisa ndezvevanhu vanobva kunyika dzakabudirira vakagutsa zvose zvavo zvinodiwa uye kune nguva yekuongorora nekufungisisa muupenyu hwavo pachavo. Munhu akarasikirwa nevadikanwa vake uye anofunga muchikwata "Tino" takatarisana nemubvunzo uyu: "Ndini ani kunze kwavo?"
Mabhuku epo existential psychology
Rollo May "Kunyanya kuongorora mafirosology" - rimwe remabhuku akasiyana-siyana ezvokuremekedza existential arapist, rakanyorwa mumutauro wakajeka richave rakakosha pakuverenga kune avo vanoverengeka vaverengi vanoda kufungidzirwa kwepfungwa, uye vanoziva nezvepfungwa. Ndezvipi zvakare zvaungaverenga pane zvakarongwa nezvenyaya iyi:
- " Psychological Existential yekukurukurirana kwakadzama " Bratchenko. Bhuku racho rinotsanangura nhoroondo yekuvapo kwehupenyu hwevepo-hwevanhu mune zvepfungwa, kunyanya kuri kubhadhara pakupa mazano.
- " Upenyu hunosarudza. Masayenzi pane existential psychology . " V.N. Druzhinin. Matambudziko ehupenyu nerufu, nzira yekuwana nayo zvinorehwa nomunhu aneta muzvinhu izvi zvose, uye kuti chii chinonzi psychologist chiripo chinogona kubatsira - zvose izvi nyaya dzinoiswa mubhuku racho.
- " Psychotherapy " "I. Yal. Mabhuku eiyi anozivikanwa nea psychoanalyst anogona kuverengerwazve kune zvisizvo, munyori ane tarenda kwete chete mubasa rake kubatsira vanhu, asiwo semunyori. Bhuku iri ibasa rinokosha rine sarudzo dzekushanda nemagadzirirwo.
- " Psychotechnics yechisarudzo chiripo ." M. Papush. Zvakaoma kudzidza mararamiro uye kurarama zvakanaka, kufara nekushanda, nzira yekudzidza chimwe chinhu, somuenzaniso, kutamba piano - zvakaoma, asi nekuita zvose zvinouya.
- " Mazuva ano kutsvakurudza kwakaitika: nhoroondo, dzidziso, tsika, tsvakurudzo ." A. Langle, E. Ukolova, V. Shumsky. Bhuku rino rinopa maonero akazara e existential analysis uye kukosha kwaro mupiro kunekusimudzirwa kwe existential psychology.