Upenyu hwevanhu hunobva pane imwe mitemo yetsika inobatsira kuziva zvakanaka nezvakaipa. Vanhu vazhinji havazive kuti vanhu varipi uye ndezvipi zvinotengeswa mumugariro uyu, kunyange zvazvo zvakakosha zvikuru mukusimudzirwa kwevanhu.
Chii chinonzi hupenyu hwevanhu uye humunhu?
Iyi pfungwa yakabva kune rechiLatin izwi, iro rinoshandurwa se "munhu". Munhu wevanhu munhu munhu anosiyanisa tsika dzevanhu. Zvinoreva kuziva kodzero yevanhu yekusununguka, kubudirira, rudo, mufaro nekudaro. Mukuwedzera, izvi zvinosanganisira kurega kuratidzwa kwechisimba chipi nechipi kune zvisikwa zvipenyu. Izwi revanhu rinoratidza kuti nheyo yenyika ndeyekwanisi yekuti munhu ave netsitsi uye kubatsira vamwe. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kuratidzwa kwevanhu hakufaniri kupesana nezvinodiwa nomunhu wacho.
Humanism in Philosophy
Izwi iri rinoshandiswa mumatanho akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira filosofi, iyo inomiririrwa, senzvimbo yekuziva yevanhu pasina mitsara. Kune huwandu hunhu hunobatsira kunzwisisa zvinorehwa nehupenyu hwevanhu:
- Kune munhu mumwe nomumwe, vamwe vanhu vanofanira kuva vakakwirira zvikuru, uye vanofanira kunge vari mberi pane zvinhu zvenyama, zvemweya, zvemagariro evanhu uye zvikomborero zvepanyama.
- Mune mafilosofi, hukama hwevanhu nderimwe nzvimbo inorondedzera kuti munhu anokosha mukati mawo pachawo pasinei nehutano hwemagariro evanhu , hutano, hukama uye zvimwe zvakasiyana.
- Imwe yemitemo yehupenyu hwevanhu inoti kana iwe uchifunga zvakanaka zvevanhu, ivo vachava nani.
Humanity uye Humanism - Kusiyana
Vakawanda vanowanzovhiringidza pfungwa idzi, asi chaizvoizvo, zvose zvinowanzosiyana nekusiyanisa zvinhu. Unhu hwevanhu uye hukama ndedziviri pfungwa dzisingagoni kuparadzaniswa dzinoreva kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kune rusununguko uye mufaro. Kana ari munhu, ihwo humwe humwe hweunhu hunoratidzika mune maonero akanaka kune vamwe vanhu. Iyo inoumbwa semugumisiro wekuziva nekuziva kwakasimba kwezvakanaka nezvakaipa. Unhu uye hukama hwevanhu hunofananidzwa nemafungiro, sezvo yekare yakagadzirwa nekutevedzera mazano ezvokupedzisira.
Zviratidzo zveHumanism
Anozivikanwa ndiwo maitiro makuru evanhu, izvo zvinonyatsojekesa pfungwa iyi:
- Kuzvidzivirira . Mhedziso yehupenyu hwevanhu haigoni kusiyaniswa kubva mune zvechitendero, zvinyorwa kana zvepfungwa. Nhamba yekufambiswa kwenyika inoona zvakananga kunobva pakuvimbika, kuvimbika, kushivirira uye zvimwe humwe unhu.
- Zvinotarisirwa . Izvo zvinokosha zvehupenyu hwevanhu zvakakosha muhutano hwemagariro evanhu uye ndezvokutanga zvinhu.
- Kusiyanisa . Huzivo hwehupenyu hwevanhu uye pfungwa dzayo dzinoshanda kune vanhu vose uye chero masangano evanhu. Munyika yose iripo, munhu anogona kuenda mberi, sezvo munhu wose ane kodzero yehupenyu, rudo nezvimwe zvinhu.
Kunyanya kukosha kwevanhu
Izvo zvinorehwa nehupenyu hwevanhu zvinoratidzira mukuti mumunhu wese kune zvigoneko zvekufambisa kana kune vanhu vatovepo, kubva pakagadzirwa nekuvandudzwa kwemanzwiro etsika uye mafungiro anoitika. Hazvibviri kubvisa kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, vamwe vanhu uye zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, asi munhu oga ndiye oga anotakura uye muumbi wezvokwadi. Maitiro evanhu anoenderana nekuremekedza, kubatsirika uye kuchengeta.
Humanism - Species
Kune zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvevanhu, izvo zvinopesana mumutemo unosarudza. Kana tikatarisa pane zvinyorwa zvezvakaitika uye zvakagadzirwa, tinogona kusiyanisa mapfumbamwe marudzi evanhu: mafirosofi, ma communist, tsika, svondo, zvechitendero, zvenyika, varanda, maitiro, zvisikwa, zvakatipoteredza uye vane rusununguko. Zvakakosha kufungisisa kuti rudzi rwehupenyu hwevanhu nderwekutanga:
- vanhu - vanoraramira kufara kwevanhu;
- kodzero dzevanhu - kusimudzira kodzero uye rusununguko rwevanhu vose;
- pacifist - vanhu-varindi vorugare, vari kurwisana nezvose zvinokuvadza panyika;
- pachena - kupa rubatsiro kuvana, vanhu vakaremara nevamwe vanhu vanoda rubatsiro.
Nheyo yekuita zvevanhu
Munhu anofanira kukura uye kugamuchira imwe ruzivo rwezivo nekuvandudza unyanzvi hwaachadzoka kunyika kuburikidza nemagariro evanhu uye zvemhizha. Izwi revanhu revanhu rinoremekedza tsika dzepamutemo uye dzetsika dzevanhu uye ruremekedzo rwevanhu. Pfungwa yekusarura vanhu inoreva kusarirwa kwemitemo yakawanda:
- Chimiro chakanaka chekusangana kuvanhu vose, pasina kufunga nezvepanyama, zvinhu uye nharaunda.
- Kuwana kuti chii chinoitwa nevanhu, zvakakosha kutaura mamwe mazano: kodzero yevanhu vose kuva ivo inofanira kuonekwa.
- Zvakakosha kunzwisisa ruregerero sechinhu chinotarisana nehupenyu hwevanhu, izvo zvisingafaniri kunge zvichibva pakunzwira tsitsi uye netsitsi, asi nechishuvo chekubatsira munhu kuwirirana munzanga.
Humanism muNyika Yemazuva Ano
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, pfungwa dzehupenyu hwevanhu dzakashanduka, uye dzakarasikirwa nekukosha kwayo, kubva kune vevanhu vemazuva ano pfungwa dzehuyo uye kugutsikana, kureva, mhando yemari, yakasvika mberi. Somugumisiro, iyo yakanaka yakanga isiri munhu ane mutsa uyo haasi mutorwa kune manzwiro evamwe vanhu, asi munhu akazviita iye uye haatenderi kune ani zvake. Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinofunga kuti mamiriro aya ari kutungamirira sangano kuti rive rakapera.
Mazuva ano vanhu vakatsiva rudo rwevanhu nechinetso chekukura kwayo, izvo zvakananga zvakananga zvisizvo zvepakutanga zveiyi pfungwa. Zvakawanda zvekuchengetedza tsika dzevanhu zvinogona kuita kuti nyika, somuenzaniso, dzidzo yekusununguka nemishonga, kukwidza mibairo kune vashandi vebhajeti ichadzivirira kukanganisa kwevanhu mumapoka edzimba. Iro remariro kuti haisi zvinhu zvose zvakarashika uye hukama hwevanhu mune zvemazuva ano huri kugona kudzoka, vanhu vasiri vasati vasiri vanhu kune kukosha kwekutonga nekuenzana.
Pfungwa dzehupenyu hwevanhu mubhaibheri
Vatendi vanoenderera mberi kuti hukama hwevanhu ndihwo chiKristu, sezvo kutenda kunoparidza kuti vanhu vose vakaenzana uye vanoda kudanana uye kuratidzira vanhu. Ukama hwevanhu hwechiKristu ndedzendo rwe rudo nekuvandudzwa mukati memunhu. Anodana munhu kuti azadzise uye ave asina hanya nebasa nekuda kwevanhu. Chitendero chechiKristu hachigoni kuvapo pasina tsika.
Chokwadi pamusoro pevanhu
Iyi nharaunda inobatanidza nehuwandu hwemashoko anonakidza, nokuti kwemakore mazhinji, hutongi hwevanhu hwaiiswa pasi nekuongororwa, kugadziriswa, kwaive kuri kuderera nekudaro.
- Muongorori wepfungwa anonzi A. Maslow nevamwe vake vari kunopera makore makumi mashanu vaida kuumba sangano rezvemhizha raizotarisa kuratidzwa kwehupenyu hwevanhu mumagariro nehupfungwa. Yakanga yakarongerwa kuti mune itsva inosvika panzvimbo yekutanga inofanira kuva yekuzviziva uye yega. Somugumisiro, American Association of Humanistic Psychology yakasikwa.
- Maererano nenyaya yacho, munhu wekutanga wezvokwadi ndeyeFrancesco Petrarca, uyo akaisa munhu pachigadziko semunhu anofarira uye anozvigadzirira.
- Vakawanda vanofarira kuti izwi rokuti "kushushikana kwevanhu" riri pakubatana kwaro nemasikirwo ezvisikwa, uye naizvozvo zvinoreva kufunga kwakanyatsojeka kune zvakatipoteredza nekuremekedza zvisikwa zvipenyu zvose pasi pano. Ecohumanists vanoedza kudzorerazve zvinhu zvakarasika zvezvakasikwa.
Mabhuku pamusoro pevanhu
Musoro weusununguko rwomunhu uye hunokosha hwevanhu hunowanzoshandiswa mumabhuku. Unhu hwevanhu uye rudo runobatsira kutarisa zvinhu zvakanaka zvevanhu uye zvavanoreva kumasangano uye nyika yose.
- "Tiza Uhuru" E. Kubva. Bhuku racho rakagadzirirwa kune zvakakosha mupfungwa zvemasimba uye kuwana rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Munyori anoona kukosha kwekusununguka kwevanhu vakasiyana.
- "The Mountain Mountain" naT. Mann. Bhuku rino rinotsanangura kuti sei vanhu, kuburikidza nehukama hwevanhu vakarasikirwa nechinangwa chehupenyu uye ivo ivo hukama hwevanhu hunouya kutanga.