Haisi chakavanzika chokuti vana vachipfuura nepakati pe "nei", apo vanofarira zvinhu zvose zviri munyika. Mimwe mibvunzo yevechidiki genious puzzle kwete vabereki chete asiwo masayendisiti avo vave vachitsvaka kwemakore kuti vakwanise kutsvaga zvakabva kune zvinhu zvakajairika.
Kwete vabereki chete, asiwo masayendisiti anotambura nekuda kuziva kwevana vanoda kuwana mhinduro dzemibvunzo yakasiyana. Kazhinji kunyange ibha "nei" inotyisa, sezvo nyaya dzakawanda dzichiri kuongororwa nenyanzvi. Kutarisa kwako - kukosha kwezvinhu zvakakurumbira zvevana, hazvigoneki kupindura zvakarurama panguva ino.
1. Sei vanhu vanyemwerera?
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinofunga kuti vanhu vanogona kushandisa marudzi anopfuura gumi ekumwemwerera, somuenzaniso, anofara, kunyengera, kunyengedza nevamwe. Kunyange vanaamai vanosemwerera kuratidza manzwiro akasiyana-siyana, saka vanoshandisa iyo kuratidzira utsinye, kuisa mazino, kana kuteerera. Munhu wacho anotanga kuseka kunyange mudumbu raamai, uye kunyemwerera uku kunofungidzira. Vatsvakurudzi vanoratidza kuti kunyemwerera kwevana ndeimwe yenzira dzokutanga dzekugadzirisa, sezvo vachiita kuti vabereki vavo vanyemwerere mukupindura.
2. Nei vanhu vachikandira?
Pakati pezvinyorwa zvakawanda zvinopindura mubvunzo uyu, shanduro yezvokwadi inoratidzika ndeyekuti kuburikidza nekukanda kunogona kubvisa kukanganiswa kubva muuropi nekuvandudza basa rayo. Izvi zvinoruramisa nguva yakawanda yawnings usati waenda kunorara, apo uropi hunoita zvishoma, kana iwe usingaregi zvakakwana. Kana kuri kutapukira kwekukwezva, zvinofungidzirwa kuti tsika yakadaro yakaumbwa kuvanhu kunyange munguva dzekare, apo mutungamiri akakuratidza kuratidza munhu wose asiri muhutano hwakanakisisa uye dzimwe nhengo dzepamberi dzakamutsigira, zvichidaro zvichiwedzera kuchenjerera pamwe chete. Pane imwe shanduro iyo yawning ishoko rekubatanidza chinhu chinoita kuti vanhu vanzwirane tsitsi.
3. Sei munhu "achiwa" muchiroto?
Vanhu vazhinji vakanzwa uye vakasimuka mushure mekunge kusinganzwisisiki kuwira muchiroto, kusanzwisisa zvaitika chaizvo. Manzwiro akadaro mumasangano ezvesayenzi inowanzonzi "hynotic jerk", uye kutaridzika kwaro kunotsanangurwa nekuzvisarudzira kwemavara musimba. Chikonzero chekugumbura, masayendisiti anotsanangura nenzira dzakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, kune chirevo chokuti izvi zvinokonzerwa ne-primate reflexes: pavakarara pamatavi, jerks yemuviri anogona kunzwa kutsigirwa. Maererano neimwe shanduro, "kutengesa" ndiyo mhando yekuchinja kubva kuhutano hunoita kuti urarame. Panguva yeku "kuwa" pane kukakavara kwemakombiro maviri europi, uye kupera ndiko kuputika kwesimba.
4. Ndezvipi zvisikwa zvose pasi pano zvakaitika?
Masayendisiti akaongorora tsvakurudzo kwegore rinopfuura uye pakupedzisira akagumisa kuti zvisikwa zvipenyu zvose zvine mapuroteni uye nucleic acids. Kutenda kuvepo kweiyo genetic code, zvaive zvichikwanisa kuderedza zvinhu kune umwe wekupedzisira wekare baba vakafanana (Chirungu chekupedzisira chizvarwa chinowanikwa pamwe chete - LUCA). Yakaratidzika secheji uye anenge 2.9 mabhiriyoni emakore akapfuura akapa matavi maviri ekufambisa: eukaryotes uye mabhakitiriya.
5. Sei munhu ane maziso akavharwa achifamba-famba mumakwikwi?
Mafirimu anowanzoratidza kuti munhu akarasika anotanga kufamba sei mudenderedzwa, uye izvi hazvisi mamiriro ezvinhu, asi chokwadi chaicho. Izvi zvinoitika kana munhu akavhara maziso ake, saka, kutanga achabvisa zvishoma nezvishoma, ozotanga kufamba mudenderedzwa. Kukahadzika? Zvadaro fambisa kuedza, chete pamwe chete nemubatsiri, ndiani acharonga zvose. Masayendisiti akaongorora tsvina iyi uye akafunga kuti izvi zvinoitika nokuti hapana nzvimbo inowanikwa munzvimbo. Mukupedzisira, kuvimba chete nemanzwiro avo, munhu anotanga kutsauka kubva munzira yakarurama. Pane chimwe chifungidziro chokuti chinhu chose chiri mu-asymmetry yemuviri.
6. Chiyeuchidzo chinoshanda sei?
Kwenguva refu yakave yakatendwa kuti vanhu vanoyeuka vakavharwa mumukoko (chikamu cheuropi) kana kupararira muboka risingaverengeki reneurons. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, masayendisiti akadzidza kudzora chiyeuchidzo chemakonzo, zvichiita kuti dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri dzisanganiswe. Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti kana zviitiko zvichionekwa, masero europi mamwechete anobatanidzwa mubasa, izvo zvinoshandiswa apo ruzivo rwakagamuchirwa, kureva, chiyeuchidzo kwete kungoerekana chichiunganidza maonero, asiwo "anoyeuka" ivo. Kunyange zvazvo masayendisiti aisagona kupindura mubvunzo iwoyo, kuti uropi hunogadza sei kuwirirana muuropi kunofanira kushandiswa, asi kufambira mberi kwave kutoonekwa.
7. Ndeipi nguva yakareba yemunhu?
Munyika dzakasiyana-siyana kune avo vane nguva refu-yevanhu-avo, vane makore makumi mapfumbamwe nemana uye pamusoro. Masayendisiti akaita tsvakurudzo dzakawanda kuti aone kuti chii chinofananidzira nguva yemunhu. Chokutanga zvakagumiswa kuti vakadzi vanorarama kwenguva refu kupfuura varume. Kusvikira muna 2017, yaitendwa kuti mukuru kudarika wepasi ndiye aiva mukadzi wechiFrench Zhanna Kalman, uyo akafa pashure pokunge ava nemakore 122, asi mhinduro yake yakapfuura. MuIndonesia, mumwe murume akararama makore 146. Masayendisiti achiri kukwanisa kupindura mubvunzo wemakore mangani munhu anogona kurarama.
8. Mhuka dzinogona kufanotaura kudengenyeka kwenyika here?
Uchapupu hwokuti zvisati zvaitika mhuka dzichiita zvisingaoneki, dzinozivikanwa kunyange kubva kuGreece yeGreece, asi hapana ruzivo rwunofunga kuti chii chinoratidzika sechisinganzwisisiki uye chatinofanira kuziva nezvehuporofita. Ichokwadi ndechekuti mhuka dzinonzwa kuchinjwa mumamiriro ezvinhu epanyama, asi hazvibviri kunzwisisa kuti chii chinoshandiswa nemhuka panguva yekudengenyeka kwenyika. Kuti tidzidze izvi, zvidzidzo zvakaitwa, asi zvigumisiro zvinopesana, saka hazvigone kutaurira chaizvo izvo mhuka dzinokwanisa kuzivisa kudengenyeka kwenyika.
9. Nei mabhii aya akaiswa mune zvinyorwa zvinyorwa muchirongwa ichi?
Kunyange vana vekuchikoro vanoziva kuti chidimbu chakanyorwa nehama Cyril naMethodius, avo vakasarudza kushandura Bhaibheri kune vaSlav. Vakadzidza mutinhimira waive uchishandiswa mukukurukurirana uye wakakwira nehuwandu hwemafabheti mazita avo. Kurongeka kwegadziriro yemakasha matsva kwakafanana nechiGiriki chinyorwa. Chikonzero nei hama dzakasarudza kuita kudaro hazvizivikanwi. Zvichida zvose zvine uremeso uye kusada kuuya kune imwe nzira, kana kuti zvichida havakwanise kuputsa mutemo weBhaibheri mutauro.
10. Nei bhasikoro achikwira uye kwete kuwira?
Pamberi payo, mazwi maviri emumuviri akashandiswa kupindura mubvunzo uyu: gyroscopic effect (kutsanangura kukwanisa kwemuviri unotenderera kuti utambe nzvimbo yawo) uye inoitwa castor (nguva dzose kugadziriswa kunobva pane centrifugal simba). Izvo zvinopomerwa zvakatsoropedzwa neine injini yekuAmerica muna 2011, sezvaakavaka bhasikoro risina kujairika risingashandisi zviitiko izvi. Kutsvakurudza munharaunda iyi kunopfuurira, sechikonzero nei chikwata ichikwira uye chichichengeta chikero, chisina kuwanikwa.
11. Sei vanhu vane marudzi akasiyana eropa?
Muna 1900, musayendisiti weViennese Karl Landsteiner akatarisa kuti vanhu vane ropa rakasiyana-siyana, mushure mokuongorora izvo, akaparadzanisa masangano mana eropa. Kuonga izvi, mhiko yakatanga kupararira, sezvo vanachiremba vakakwanisa kuisa pfungwa pane zvakanyanya kuitika kweantigens. Hapana kubvumirana pamusoro pekuti nei vanhu vane marudzi akasiyana eropa, vasayendisiti havana, asi kune pfungwa yokuti vanhu vepakutanga vakanga vasina maantigen, uye ropa raiva boka rimwe chete. Mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja nekuda kwesimba remamiriro ekunze, zvokudya uye zvimwe zvinhu.
12. Nei iceza richikurumidza?
Munguva yechando, vanhu vazhinji vanowira pazaya rinopera, vachikuvadzwa zvakakomba, uye chikonzero chechidimbu chacho chakanga chagadziriswa - kuvapo kwepamusoro pemvura yakanyorova, asi ndicho chikonzero - hachisi pachena. Masayendisiti anofunga kuti izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuderera kwekushisa kwemazinga echando nekuda kwekumanikidzirwa. Pane inguva iyo ice rinonyunguduka kwete nekuda kwekumanikidzwa, asi imwe nzira yekuita - kupesana. Vanyengeri vanonyatsova nechokwadi cheimwe, saka, vanotenda kuti ice inogara ine mvura yakasara, pasinei nokuti inobatwa kana kwete.