Nhaurirwo yaDarwin - uchapupu uye kupindirana kwenheyo yezvakabva kumunhu

Muna 1859 basa reChirungu wezvisikwa Charles Darwin rakabudiswa - The Origin of Species. Kubva panguva iyoyo, dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka yaive yakakosha mukutsanangura mitemo yekuvandudzika kwenyika. Anodzidziswa muzvikoro mumakirasi ezvidzidzo, uye kunyange mamwe machechi akazviona akakosha.

Chii chinonzi Darwin'sory?

Nharo yaDarwin yekushanduka-shanduka ndiyo pfungwa yokuti zvipenyu zvose zvinobva kune imwechete baba. Inosimbisa chizvarwa chezvisikwa zvehupenyu nekuchinja. Zvinhu zvakakomba zvinochinja kubva kune zvisi nyore, izvi zvinotora nguva. Muchidimbu chekodhi yezvisikwa zvinongoramba zvichichinja, zvinobatsira zvinoramba zviripo, zvichibatsira kurarama. Nokufamba kwenguva, vanozviunganidzira, uye chigumisiro chacho rudzi rwakasiyana, kwete kungopesana kwepakutanga, asi zvachose chiri chitsva.

Nheyo dzepfungwa dzeDarwin'sory

Nhaurwa yaDarwin yezvakabva kumunhu inowanikwa mune zvakasikwa zvekushanduka kwezvinhu zvehupenyu. Darwin aidavira kuti Homo Sapiens yakabva muhupenyu hwepasi uye ane baba vakafanana nemonkey. Mimwe mitemo yakatungamirira pakuonekwa kwake, nokuti zvimwe zvipenyu zvakaonekwa. Pfungwa yekushanduka-shanduka inobva pamitemo inotevera:

1. Overproduction . Mhando dzevanhu dzinoramba dzichigadzikana, nokuti chikamu chiduku chevana chinopona uye chinowedzera.
2. Kurwisana kwekurarama . Vana vechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe vanofanira kukwikwidzana kuti vararame.
3. Adaptation . Kugadziriswa inhu inotora nhaka inowedzera mikana yekugara uye kubereka mune imwe nzvimbo yakasikwa.
4. Natural selection . Nharaunda "inosarudza" zvipenyu zvine hupenyu hwakanaka. Vana vanogara nhaka yepamusoro-soro, uye zvipenyu zvinowanikwa kune imwe nzvimbo.
5. Speciation . Kwezvizvarwa, kushanduka kunobatsira kwakaramba kuchiwedzera, uye zvakaipa zvakanyangarika. Nokufamba kwenguva, kuunganidza kwakawedzerwa kwakave kwakakura zvikuru zvokuti mugumisiro unotarisa mutsva.

Nharo yaDarwin ndeyechokwadi kana inhema?

Dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka yaDarwin - nyaya yekukakavadzana kwemazana emakore akawanda. Kune rumwe rutivi, masayendisiti anokwanisa kutaurira kuti marwenga ekare aiva ani, asi kune rumwe - havana uchapupu hwezvisikwa. Creationists (vateereri venyika inobva kuna Mwari) vanoona izvi sehuchapupu hwokuti hakuna kushanduka. Vanoseka pfungwa yokuti pane imwe nyika yakawanda.

Uchapupu hweDary's theory

Kuti kufarirwa kweDarwinist, muna 1994 paleontologists vakawana fossil yakasara yeambulocetus, kufamba kwewhale. Pamberi pedlegs yakamubatsira kuti aende kune dzimwe nyika, uye ane simba uye muswe wemasimba - achienda kushambira. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, zvakasara zvezvakawanda zvemarudzi ezviitiko, izvo zvinonzi "zvisingawaniki", zvakawanikwa. Nokudaro, nharo yaCharles Darwin yezvakabva kumunhu yakasimbiswa nekuwanikwa kwezvakasara zvePithecanthropus, mhando dzomukati pakati pe monkey nemurume. Kunze kwepo paleontological kune humwe humwe uchapupu hwekushanduka-shanduka kwenhema:

1. Mafungiro - maererano nedzidziso yeDarwinian, muviri umwe neumwe mutsva hauna kusikwa nemasikirwo kubva pakutanga, zvose zvinobva kune imwechete baba. Semuenzaniso, chimiro chakafanana chemakumbo uye mapapiro mapapiro hachina kutsanangurwa nenzira yekubatsira, zvichida vakagamuchira kubva kumadzitateguru akafanana. Imwe inogonawo kusanganisira mitezo mitanhatu yakabatana, yakagadzirwa mumuromo yakafanana muzvipembenene zvakasiyana-siyana, maitiro, rudiments (nhengo dzakarashika kukosha kwayo mukushanduka kwekushanduka-shanduka).
2. Embryological - dzose dzakasvibiswa dzine kufanana kwakakura mumabrosi. Mwana wemunhu, uyo ave ari muchizvaro kwemwedzi umwe, ane girasi masaga. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti madzitateguru aiva mvura anogara.
3. Molecular-genetic uye biochemical - kubatana kwehupenyu pamwero we biochemistry. Kana zvipenyu zvose zvisingabvi kumadzitateguru akafanana, vangadai vane mazita avo, asi DNA yezvisikwa zvose inosanganisira 4 nucleotides, uye iyo inopfuura 100 muzvisikwa.

Kuramba kwedzidziso yeDarwin

Dzidziso yeDarwin haigoneki - inongova iyi ndiyo yakakwana kune vatsoropodzi kuti vasave nechokwadi chose. Hapana munhu akamboona kuchinja kukuru - Handina kuona imwe shanduko ichichinja mune imwe. Uye chero zvakadaro, kana imwe mbongoro ingatove yatova munhu? Uyu mubvunzo unobvunzwa nevose vanokakavadzana nharo dzaDarwin.

Chokwadi chinopesana nedzidziso yaDarwin:

1. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti pasi rose rinenge makore makumi maviri nemazana makumi maviri. Izvi zvataurwa munguva ichangopfuura nevakawanda vema geologist vachiongorora guru guru repasi rose, iyo nguva yenzizi nemakomo. Dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka naDarwin yakatora mabhiriyoni emakore.
2. Munhu ane chromosomes 46, uye monkey ine 48. Izvi hazvifananidzi mupfungwa yokuti munhu uye monkey ane hanzvadzi imwe chete. Sezvo "yakarashika" ma chromosomes munzira kubva kune monkey, zvisikwa hazvigone kuchinja kusvika kune chinonzwisisika. Pamakore mashomanana akapfuura zviuru zvemakore, kwete imwe whale isina kusvika, uye hapana monkey imwe yakava munhu.
3. Runako rwepanyama, kune iyo, somuenzaniso, vanopesana naDarwin vanofunga kuti peacock muswe, hazvina chokuita nehurumende. Panova nekushanduka-shanduka - nyika yaizogarwa nezvikara.

Dzidziso yaDarwin uye sayenzi yemazuva ano

Darwin's evolutionary theory yakauya apo apo masayendisiti vakanga vachiri vasingazivi chinhu nezvemajini. Darwin akacherechedza nzira yekushanduka-shanduka, asi akanga asingazivi nezvemagetsi. Pakutanga kwezana ramakumi maviri nemaviri, maitiro ekutanga akatanga - vanozarura ma kromosomes nemajeni, gare gare vanosarudza damolekemu reDNA. Kune mamwe masayendisiti, nharo yaDarwin yakange isingazivikanwi - chimiro chezvipenyu chakave chakaoma kunzwisisa, uye nhamba yekromosomes muvanhu uye mbongoro yakasiyana.

Asi vatsigiri veDarwinism vanoti Darwin haana kumbotaura kuti murume akauya achibva kumbongoro - ane hanzvadzi yakafanana. Kuwanikwa kwemajini kune veDarwin kwakakonzera kukurudzirwa kwekugadzirwa kwenyanzvi yekushanduka-shanduka (iko kusanganisira genetics munyaya yeDarwin). Kuchinja kwemuviri uye kwemuitiro kunoita kusarudzwa kwechisikigo kunogona kuitika pamwero weDNA nemajini. Kuchinja kwakadaro kunonzi kushanduka. Kuchinja-chinja zvinhu zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana izvo kushanduka kunoshanda.

Dzidziso yeDarwin - inofadza chokwadi

Dzidziso yekushanduka kweCharles Darwin ibasa romurume uyo, paakasiya basa rechiremba nekuda kwekutya ropa , akaenda kunodzidza zvechikoro. Zvimwe zvishoma zvinofadza:

1. Mutsara unoti "wakasimba kuponesa" ndewevenguva yakafanana uye yakafanana-Darwin-Herbert Spencer.
2. Charles Darwin haana kungoverenga zvisikwa zvezvipenyu zvekare, asiwo akadya navo.
3. Chechi yeAnglican yakabvuma ruregerero kune munyori wezvidzidzo zvekushanduka-shanduka, kunyange makore 126 mushure mekufa kwake.

Dzidziso yeDarwin nechiKristu

Pakutanga kuona, chinangwa cheDarwin chirevo chinopesana nezvose zvakasikwa naMwari. Pane imwe nguva, nzvimbo yechitendero yakashatisa pfungwa itsva. Darwin pachake ari mubasa rebasa akarega kuva mutendi. Asi zvino vamiririri vakawanda vechiKristu vauya kumhedziso yokuti pane kuve nekuyananisa kwechokwadi - kune avo vane zvitendero zvekunamata uye havasi kuramba kushanduka. Makereke echiKaturike neAnglican akabvuma dzidziso yeDarwin, achitsanangura kuti Mwari semusiki akakurudzira kutanga kwehupenyu, uye yakatanga nenzira yepanyama. Iphiko reOrthodox richiri risina hanya kune veDarwinist.