Dzimwe nguva zvechitendero zvinowanikwa zvinokonzera kukakavadzana kwakawanda kupfuura kufara kunowanikwa.
Izvi ndizvo zvaivawo nemipumburu isinganzwisisiki yeGungwa Rakafa, iro rave rakatumidzwa zvakare se "bhomba rezvakaitika kare", rakaiswa pasi pezvose zvinotenda zvechiKristu.
Kuwanikwa kunoshamisa kwezvinyorwa zveQumran
Muna 1947, vechidiki kubva kumadzinza evanhu vanoverengeka vakanyora mahedheni emitambo vakadya mbudzi kumadokero kwegungwa reJorodhani. Mamwe emhuka akapararira, uye vakomana vakaramba vachitsvaka. Mumapako eQumran panguva yekutsvaga vakaona kare ivhu jugs. Kusarudza kuti kune goridhe rakavanzika, mukutsvaga mari nyore, vaBedouins vakavarova.
Mumwe wezviitiko zvekuona zvekuchera akaudza kuti zvaive sei:
"Vafudzi vacho vaiva vazukuru kune mumwe. Mumwe wavo, ainzi Juma Muhammad Khalil, akakanda matombo pamusuo webako rimwe mumatombo kumavirazuva kwetaundi reQumran. Imwe yematombo akakunda mubako revha uye akapwanya chimwe chinhu mukati. Mariri akawana midziyo gumi yevhu, yakasvika mamita makumi matanhatu pakureba. Mukugumburwa kwake, midziyo yose, kunze kwemaviri, yakanga isina chinhu. Imwe yemidziyo miviri yakazara nedope, uye imwe yacho yaiva nemipumburu mitatu, mbiri dzayo dzakange dzakaputirwa nemucheka werineni. Gare gare mipumburu iyi yakaonekwa sehurongwa hwebhuku raIsaya, mabhedouini akawana mamwe mipumburu mana zvakare: kuunganidza mapisarema kana nziyo, rumwe rutivi rusina kukwana rwaIsaya, mupumburu kana Gwaro Rehondo uye Apokirifa yeGenesisi. "
Vakanga vasina zvinhu zvenyama, asi pane chimwe chinhu chakakosha: zvinyorwa zvechitendero zvakanyorwa mumutauro wechiHebheru nechiAramaic. Vakashamiswa nokuti mabasa ose echiKristu akawanika kare akanyorwa pamapuranga nematombo. Zvinoshamisa zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zveQumran zvakare zvakanyorwa pazvinhu zvakanyorofa, zvakapetwa mumipumburu uye zvakavanzika kubva pakuona maziso.
Kubva muna 1947 kusvikira muna 1956, hurumende dzemarudzi akawanda dzakatanga zvivigiro zvikuru panzvimbo yezvinyorwa zvekutanga. Hondo chaiyo yakaiswa pakati pekutsvaga kwesayenzi nemadzinza. Mabhedouine akanga akagadzirira kuuraya nekuda kwekutanga kuwana zvinyorwa zvitsva. Havana kuzviona sevakakosha - ivo vakabva vadzorera zvakare kune masayendisiti nokuda kwekunakidza kwemari kune purofiti. Mamwe mapumburu 190 akatengwa uye akawanikwa mune zvakasiyana.
Mipumburu yekutanga masayendisiti haana kuona pakarepo: izvo Juma Muhammad Khalil nemukoma wake vakawana zvakatengeswa kuvafundisi. Vafudzi vekusaverenga nekunyora vakasarudza kuti vakanga vasina kukosha uye vakatendeukira kumurevereri. Akavaunganidza pamwe neMetropolitan Athanasios Jeshua Samuel kubva kuSt. Mark's Monastery muJerusalem. Panguva yekupedzisira, chibvumirano chakanga chikaderera kuburikidza: mutongi wevarindi akanga asingadi kutendera hama dzakashata-vafudzi-vafudzi.
Sei kuzarurwa kweMipumburu yeGungwa Rakafa kunokonzera ruzha rwakanyanya?
Metropolitan yakaedza kuwana izvo zvaakwanisa kuwana gore mushure mekutenga. Vose vanyori vezvakaitika kare, avo vaakaedza kutaura navo muEurope, vakanga vachisimudza maoko avo. Vashandi vaviri vakaderera veAmerica School muJerusarema, William Brownlee naJohn Trever, vakaratidza kuti kana iwe ukatora mifananidzo yemipumburu, ipapo pafirimu zvinyorwa zvichava zvakajeka kupfuura zvepakutanga. Mabhuku kubva kumapapiro nemapyrus akafuridzirwa mumapepa akaverengeka - nhasi mifananidzo yose inochengetwa mumamyuziyamu pasi rose.
John Trever akakurumidza kuona kuti chishamiso pamberi pake: pakati pezvinyorwa, akacherechedza izvo zvinonzi "bhuku rekuraira" rechechi yeMethodist. Chimwe chidzidzo chakaratidzira kuti mipumburu yose yakanyorwa nekambani yeQumran Essen. Iri boka revaJudha rakasimuka mukutanga kwezana remakore rechipiri BC. Urongwa hwaive nemirairo yakaoma kwazvo, imwe yadzo yakanyorwa mubhuku rekuranga. VaEsene vanonzi ndivo vaKristu vekutanga veAlexandria.
Musayendisiti, kuongorora zvinyorwa, akati:
"Zvimedu zvavo zviri nyore, asi zvakanyanya. Zvechokwadi, ivo vakarayirwa kurumbidza Mwari uye kuva vakarurama kune vose. VaEssene vairambidzwa kupikisa kushorwa kwenhema, kutengesa simba uye kumira kunze kwechimiro chevamwe vatendi nekubatsirwa kwezvishongo kana zvishongo. Dzidziso yemitemo yakavanzwa yairambidzwa kune ani zvake kuparadzira, uyewo kushandisa mhiko dzeunyengeri. "
Chii chakanyorwa pamipumburu isina kukwana?
Mushure mekudzidza zvakakwana kwezvose zvakanyorwa zvakanyorwa zvechitendero, masayendisiti akaparadzanisa magwaro ose maererano nezvakagadzirwa. Munhu chero upi zvake achashamiswa nenzira isingatauriki nekuparidzirwa kwezvikamu zvakasiyana uye zvikamu zvekuvandudzwa kwechitendero chakawira pamipumburu:
- tsanangudzo yemashoko ekusika kweTestamente Yekare;
- chokwadi kubva muupenyu hwevatsigiri vaKristu nevateveri vake;
- mabhuku epokirifa pamusoro pekuve;
- mabhuku asina kukwana eTestamente yekare.
Zvinyorwa zveQumran zvakabatsira kuita zvisingagoni kuenzaniswa, zuva chaiyo rekunyora Testamente Yekare. Pakupedzisira, vaKristu nevaJudha vaidavira kuti yakanyorwa pakati pe1400 BC. uye 400 BC. Mipumburu yeQumran inotaura kuti Testamente Yekare yakapedzwa muna 150 BC, mushure mokunge "hapana chinyorwa chakawedzerwa." Migumisiro ye laboratori yekuongorora zvinyorwa haikwanise kupokana nekuvimbika kwavo.
Kunyanya kunoshamisa kwakange kuripo pakati pemipumburu yebhuku roga roga rakakwana reBhaibheri munyika - mupumburu weQumran wemuporofita Isaya, wakanyorwa muna 125 BC. Hazvigoneki kufungidzira kutarisa kwemanzwiro evasayendisiti avo vakatora kokutanga magwaro anoramba aripo - zvapupu zvekare zvakadaro!
Sei mipumburu yakave isina kukodzera kuChechi?
Machechi ose anozivikanwa eChechi yeChechi uye haanzwi chinhu chinoda kuziva mipumburu yeKumran sechinyorwa chechitendero. Vafundisi havasi kugadzirira kushivirira zvinyorwa zvemashoko akanyorwa neboka reEssenian. Vanoona mumwe "mudzidzisi wekururama", iyo vagari vemo vanogara vanonamata pamwe naJesu. Mune mimwe yemipumburu, anonzi "Mesiasi wechipiri", uyo anopesana nepfungwa dzechiKristu.
Aya magwaro anorondedzera Mesiasi avo vatendi vaitarisira, maererano neEsene. Aifanira kuva mutungamiri wezvematongerwe enyika uye wemasoja, saka kuonekwa kwaKristu kwakanyadzisa. Isaya oga ndiye ane uporofita hwemarudzi akasiyana: Mesiasi achazvarwa nemhandara uye nokuzvidira anobvuma kutambura kwevanhu nekuda kwezvivi zvevanhu. Ndeipi yemabhuku anogona kuvimbwa, kana chokwadi cheumwe neumwe wavo pasina mubvunzo?