Muzvinyorwa zvemazuva ano, autarky yakavharwa, mukati inotungamirirwa hurongwa, nekutenderera kwakadzika kune mamiriro ekunze - i.e. uzere huchangamire. Mhedzisiro inopesana ndiyo yakasununguka zvachose, yakatarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu.
Chii icho autarky?
Autarky - iyi pfungwa, kufanana nevamwe vakawanda, yakabva kuGirisi yekare. Pakutanga, achishandisa izwi iri, rakaratidza munhu asingadi rubatsiro uye anopa chero zviwanikwa. Autarky dzimwe nguva inopesana nehurumende, asi aya ndiwo maonero akasiyana uye yechipiri zvinoreva simba risingaperi risina munhu. Muchirevo chemashoko emabhizimisi, autarkyism ndiyo yekusika kwevharo yepfumi muhupfumi, somuenzaniso, sechimiro chekuedza kugoverwa kwemaoko ehupfumi.
Chii chinonzi autarky mufilosofi?
Kutarisana nehurumende mufilosofi kunoreva kusika, kuzviruramisira, kushivirira - izvozvi zvose zvinogona kuonekwa neHericeric Greece. Izwi rokuti autarchy rakashandiswa naAristotle neNeoplatonists kuti vataure kune boka remafungiro efilosofi, akadai se:
- "Munhu ari oga";
- mumwe munhu kana chimwe chinhu, chinokwanisa kuponesa hupenyu, kupa hupenyu huripo uye kuchengetedza kubva pakuparadzwa.
Uyezve, shoko iri rinoshanduka uye rinosangana pakati pevazivi muzviratidzo zveunhu hunonzi Plotinus, Proclus nevamwe vakataura se:
- "Autarchic body";
- "Muviri wepasi rose";
- "Muviri wepasi rose".
Democritus anoungana autarky mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvisikwa, kuzvininipisa, chimiro. Somuenzaniso, "autarchic meal" inopesana nemutambo unofadza, usingagumi. Izvo zvakadzama zve nzira yehupenyu kune rumwe rutivi rwemweni kune marara emarara uye chingwa chepabhari chebhari, izvo zvakakwana kugutsa nzara uye kuneta. Hurumende yeDemocritus chimwe chinhu chinosimbisa zvido zvishoma zvemuviri, asi zvinobatsira pakukura kwe "kusava nehanya", "hukama hwemweya."
MuPlato, autarky ine kutanga kwakasiyana - izvi hazvirevi zvishoma, asi zvakanyanya. Maererano nehuzivi uyu, autarkic cosmos "mwari mupenyu", haaiti uye haadi chinhu, mweya wake unopararira kwose, unobata zvose uye unozviziva. Gare gare, izvi zvinoreva autarky zvinopfuurira mune zvinyorwa zvezivi nevanodzidza zvechiKristu. Autarky inobatsira kuna Mwari, mumweya, uchenjeri.
Economic autarky
Autarky muhupfumi ishoko rinoratidza hupfumi hwakavharizwa huri mukati. Kuzvigutsikana uye uchangamire hwakakwana ndiyo zviratidzo zvikuru zvehurumende yekudzivirira, iyo iyo inonyanya kuve nyika huru. Muzana remakore rechi21 mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro ehurumende haabviri, kunyange mazamu akavharwa uye nyika dzine ukama nedzimwe nyika.
Autarky uye hupfumi hwakasununguka
Vhura hupfumi kana kuti autarky - hurumende dzemazuva ano dzatove dzisina chakanaka chisarudzo chakadaro. Avtarkizm inogona chete mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Semuenzaniso, dzimwe nyika haisi kutengesa zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa zvekudya, zvichigadzira chivharo chakavharidzirwa munharaunda iyi yekugadzirwa, iyo inobatsira pakuvandudza kwemapurazi enyika ino. Zvinyorwa zvese sezvese hazvikwanise kutsigira autarky, haikwanise kupa vanhu vacho zvinhu zvose zvinodiwa.
Avtarkia - zvinowedzera uye zvinotyisa
Pfungwa ye autarky iye zvino inonyanya kuwanikwa muNorth Korea, asi kunyange nyika iyi iri kuramba ichibatanidzwa mune zvehupfumi hwenyika. Kurara kwakadaro kwakakwana (kwekanguva pfupi) kunobatsira pakugadzirwa kwemukati, nokuti vanhu vanomanikidzwa kuwana zvese zvinobudiswa mumusha, saka kudiwa kwemari nguva dzose kwakakwirira. Izvo zvisiri izvo zvehurongwa hwakadaro zvakananga zvakananga ne plus, sezvo hapana chingatengwa kunze kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa.
Autarky muhupfumi hwepasi rese
Nyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzepasi pose dzakaratidza kuti autarky inokonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya kumunyika yepasi uye vagari vayo. Mutemo wekutenderera sehutongi hwezvehupfumi hwenyika hunofungidzirwa pane mienzaniso yakawanda inotsigira dzidziso iyi.
- IU.SR - hutongi hurefu hwenyika hutungamiri hunoita kuti nyika ishandise kudzokera shure, saka simba guru nhasi riri kumwero mukuru chete mupi wezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi. Autarky yakashandiswa nehurumende sechidziviriro kunze kwekunetseka.
- Germany, Japan, Italy - nyika idzi munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri yakashandisa autarky senzira yekuvandudza kupiwa kwepasi, pamwe nekusimbisa simba pamusoro pevanhu. Imwe mitemo inotenderera yakave yakaratidzwa muhondo yehupfumi.
- MuAfghanistan, autarchy yakatanga kutonga kubva muna 1996 kusvikira muna 2001 munguva yekutonga kweTaliban.
- USA - nyika iyi yaiva pedyo nemitemo ye autarky kubva muna 1807 kusvika 1809 panguva yekuvhara, apo Mutungamiri Jefferson akaziviswa kuzvidira.
- Austria-Hungary inotsigira autarky kubva muna 1867 kusvika muna 1918. Ichi ndicho chiitiko chete chakanaka, sezvo uchangamire hwakanga hwakasikwa, uye nyika haina kuvimba nemusika wepasi rose.