Paradhiso negehena zviripo mupfungwa dzevanhu, uye pfungwa dzakawanda pamusoro pezana remakore dzakatora mubvunzo uyu: nzvimbo iyo mweya inofamba inoita sei? Vanyori nevanyori vanoedza kupa mhinduro, asi vanhu vanotarisa nyika nemeso avo. Hapana anoziva zvakajeka kuti Underworld inoratidzika sei, asi vakawanda vanoziva kuti denderedzwa rehero chii pamusoro peDante Alighieri.
Ndezvipi zvakasiyana-siyana zvegehena?
Izwi rehero rinotanga kuonekwa muTestamente Itsva yebhaibheri. VaKristu vaiva nechokwadi chokuti vatadzi mushure mekufa vanowira mushure mekufa, uko vanotambura uye vanotambudzika. Mushure mokupfuura nemumatunhu manomwe egehena, vanocheneswa kubva kune tsvina uye vanogona kutorwa kuenda kuparadhiso. Chimwe chitadzo chakajeka kusungirirwa kune chikamu chimwe nechimwe, chirango chaicho chakafanirwa mberi. Hakuna munhu anodana chaizvoizvo kutenderera kwakawanda kwegehena kunofanira kudarika musikana wevatadzi, asi hutungamiri hwepanyika huri kuchinja muKaturike. Nhamba yedenderedzwa yakawedzera kusvika kuna 9 Aristotle, uye ipapo pfungwa yake yakatorwa nemufungidzi weItaly Dante Alighieri.
9 denderedzwa yegehena naDante
Mubasa rake rakakurumbira "Divine Comedy" Alighieri ari kuvaka chirongwa chakajeka chekuvaka pashure pekufa. Mune imwe neimwe mutsva, kunyanya mweya wake, inowira kumwero wake - izvo zvinonzi rutivi rwegehena. Dante haana kuva wekutanga akapa pasi pevhu pasi chimiro chakadaro, asi mapfumbamwe ake egehena akagamuchira tsanangudzo yakajeka uye yakajeka. Sezvo mutemo, "Comedy Divine" inowanzorangarirwa kana inouya kune yepasi nekuonekwa kwayo. Denderedzwa yegehena yeDante inowanikwa mumutambo mukuru, mugumo wakamanikana unopikisana nechepamusoro pezvose.
Nhamba 9 haisi pangozi. Iwe unogona kugovera mapfumbamwe ne3 kusvika ku3, uye nhamba iyi ndeyekufananidzira kweDante:
- basa rake guru rine zvikamu zvitatu;
- munhu mumwe nomumwe ane masimba matatu emweya (mhuka, zvisikwa, hupenyu);
- zvitatu zviyeuchidzo zvehutatu hwechiKristu nemakore ehupenyu hwaJesu - 33.
Denderedzwa rokutanga rehero muDante
Kana iwe uchitenda chine simba kubva kune chimiro chemuviri wehupenyu - "Comedy Divine" - iwe unogona kupinda mauri kana iwe uchipinda mumusango wakaoma wakavharwa musikati. Alighieri akatanga "kuisa" vatadzi kunyange asati apinda mugehena. Pamberi pegedhi, maererano nechirongwa chake, vakazadza:
- avo vanonzi mweya inonyangadza iyo, muhupenyu, isingaiti chakaipa kana chakanaka;
- ngirozi (dzaisagona kuva pamwe naMwari kana nedhiyabhorosi).
Masuo akazaruka uye denderedzwa rokutanga regehena rakazarurwa. Vose vasvika vakazosangana nemurume wekare Charon, hero yekare yeGreek mythology. Panguva iyi mukushungurudzika kusingaperi-kwese kwaive nemweya yeavo vakange vasingakodzeri kutambudzwa kusingaperi, asi nokuda kwezvikonzero zvisingagoni kudzora vakanga vasina kodzero yekuenda kudenga. Simba ndiro denderedzwa rokutanga regehena, umo vasina kubhabhatidzwa, vakanaka vasiri maKristu, vazivi vekare nevanyori vakanga vachiziya.
Mutsara wechipiri weGehena naDante
Denderedzwa rechipiri regehena maererano ne "Kuda kwaMwari" rainzi "Chido". Pano pave vakaunganidzwa mune zvepfungwa, mhombwe, vose avo vane rudo vakamanikidza nzira yezvivi. Urongwa hwakateverwa namambo akarurama Minos. Pachikamu ichi chetsika yekutadza masikati akatonga uye mhepo ine simba yakavhuvhuta, kuchinya nekukandira mweya pamatombo. Vasvika vakamanikidzwa kutsungirira kutambudzwa kwedutu kusvikira rinhi narinhi nekuda kwekusagona kukunda nyama yavo munguva yehupenyu.
Dutu rechitatu reDhani reGehena
Pamakumbo echikwata chechitatu anonyungudutswa-makumbo uye gourmets. Vose avo vasina kudzivirirwa mukudya munguva yeupenyu hwavo, vanomanikidzwa kuora pasi pemvura isina mvura uye chimvuramabwe. Matambudziko emamiriro ekunze ndiyo chirango chavo chikuru. 3 denderedzwa rehero maererano neDante inorindwa neCerberus - imbwa huru imbwa mitatu ine mhayo nyoka, kubva mumuromo umo musanganiswa unouraya unoyerera. Kunyanya ane mhosva yemweya yaanoita. Ani naani anodya asina chiyero, achadyiwa.
Chikamu chechina chegehena naDante
Nokuti makaro uye kuparadzwa kwevanhu vakapa chirongo chechina chehero kuburikidza naDante. Vaya vakanga vasingazivi kuunganidza kushandiswa kwemari vakamanikidzwa kurwisana zuva rega rega uye kutakura zvigadziko. Vane mhosva vakazvuzvurudza vachipoteredza musango uye vakazadza matombo makuru pamusoro pegomo, vakanamatira kumusoro ndokutanga bhizimisi ravo rakaoma. Kufanana nekutenderera kwakaitika kwegehena muDante, purgatory iyi yakachengetedzwa nemuchengeti akavimbika. Mwari wenyika yechiGiriki Plutos akatevera urongwa.
Cherechedzo chechipiri yegehena naDante
Denderedzwa yechishanu yegehena ndiyo utiziro hwekupedzisira hwevanhu vane usimbe uye vane hasha. Ivo vakagadzirira kurwisana pane dutu guru risina tsvina (imwe sarudzo iStrwizi River), iyo yakadzika iyo yakazara nemitumbi yevanhu vakasvikakosha zvikuru, vanovhiringidzika kunyange muAsworld. Kuchengeta kuiswa kwechirango Flegiy, mwanakomana waMwari Ares uye tateguru wenyika yezvinyorwa zvevaPelegi, yakamira. Infernal swamp - nzvimbo yakaipa uye isingafadzi, kuitira kuti usasvika ikoko, munhu haafaniri kunge ane usimbe muupenyu, haafaniri kutsamwa uye asingachemi nokuda kwezvinhu zvishoma.
Ita rechitanhatu rehero neDante
Izvo zvakanyanya kukanganisa, iko kurangwa kwakanyanya kumumirira. Uye 6 denderedzwa regehena maererano neDante inzvimbo iyo vanyengeri vanowira mumakuva emoto, vachiparidza munguva yehupenyu hwevamwe vamwari. Mweya yevadzidzisi venhema inogara iri kupisa mumakomba akazaruka, semavheni. Varindi venzvimbo iyi inotyisa vatatu vanokanganisa uye vanokakavara, hanzvadzi dzeTishifon, Alecto naMegera. Panzvimbo yemusoro webvudzi pamisoro yavo - matendere ehove. Mitsara inotevera yegehena mumaonero aDante akaparadzanisa fati ye fetid, nokuti inotambudzwa nekuda kwezvivi zvinotyisa zvakanyanya.
Nharo yechinomwe yegehena naDante
Mumawere, apo mvura inonaya inopisa, Minotaur inodzivirira mweya yakazvichenesa nechisimba. Kutanga kubva pachinomwe, mitsara yegehena muDante yakakamurwa kuva zvikamu zvakasiyana. Yechinomwe yakakamurwa kuva mabhanhire;
- Vanyengedzi, vanodzvinyirirwa, makororo vanobikira mugomba rakazadzwa neropa rakatsvuka. Avo vanobuda mumvura tsvuku yakatsvaira, vanopfura mazana matatu kubva pauta.
- Kuzviuraya, kutendeuka kuva gehena mumiti, kutambudzwa harpy, uye vatambi (kureva, avo vakazvibata chibharo uye pfuma yavo) vakatevera hounds.
- Vanyengeri uye sodomites vanomanikidzwa kuti vasvike mumurenje rinopfuta moto pasi pemvura isingagumi kubva mumoto.
Denderedzwa rechisere rehero neDante
Kungofanana neyo yapfuura, denderedzwa rechisere regehena rakakamurwa kuva zvikamu - matongo. Pasi pekutariswa kwemasimba matanhatu-ane mauto Geryon, unyengeri hwemarudzi ose hunorangwa. Uye mumwe nomumwe ane "pari" yake pachayo:
- vanonyengedza uye mapoka anotema madhimoni;
- flatterers anogara achisungirirwa muchigaro;
- vatsvene vaturika kumucheto kumatombo, uye pamakumbo avo pane moto;
- vatumwa navaroyi vanopofumadzwa, uye misoro yavo yakasundirwa shure;
- Vashandi vari kuvira mumvura, uye madhiyabhorosi matsvuku anotsvaga kuzvichenesa;
- Vanyengeri vakasungirirwa mujasi rekutungamirira;
- mbavha dzinoshungurudza marudzi ose eyoka - nyoka, tsanduki, nezvimwe - zvienzanisa navo;
- mweya yevanyengeri vane mazano ari kupisa mumoto usingaperi;
- avo vakazova mutungamiri wekukakavadzana, zana remakore rakatorwa;
- zvapupu zvenhema, vatengesi, vatengesi vanorwara nezvirwere (madonhe, rabies).
Denderedzwa repfumbamwe rehero neDante
Iyo yakaipisisa kwazvo, mutsindo wepfumbamwe wegehena ndiyo yekupedzisira yaAggerieri. Icho chando chikuru chando chinonzi Kocit ine mabhanhire mashanu. Vatadzi vanyorova muchando kumativi ose mumutsipa uye vanomanikidzwa kuti vawane kutambudzwa kusingaperi nekutonhora. Zvitatu zvitatu Antey, Briaray, Ephialt haabvumiri munhu kutiza. Dhiyabhorosi ane musoro vatatu, Lucifer , akadzikiswa naMwari kubva kudenga, ari kushumira mutongo weupenyu pano. Yakasviba muchando, anotambudza vatengesi vakauya kwaari: Judhasi, Cassius naBrutus. Mukuwedzera, denderedzwa rechipfumbamwe rinounganidza vakaramba kutenda nevatengesi vemakumbo ose. Pano kuwira vatengesi:
- hama neshamwari;
- shamwari;
- nyika yekwavo;
- Mwari.
Mitsara yegehena muBhaibheri
Icho chinonyanya kukoshesa, tsanangudzo yakajeka yehutano hwe Underworld mune mabhuku ezvisikwa ndeye Alighieri. Basa rake rekupedzisira kweMiddle Ages rinorondedzera shure kwehupenyu kubva pakuona maonero echiKaturike, asi mhemberero dzegehena maererano neDante dzakasiyana nedzimwe dziri muBhaibheri. Kunzwisisa kwehero kunotsanangurwa muOrthodoxy se "unoziva kusava," uye mutendi wose anoita nyika yekwavo nokusingaperi. Mushure mekufa kwemuviri, mweya inowira mugehena moto.
Ichinomwe kuchenesa mitsva inopedzisira isingagadziriswi yevanhu vose. Asi mushure mekutarisana nemuedzo wose mweya une mukana wokukwira kuna Mwari. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanhu pachavo vanozvikanda kunze kweChechi, apo vakasunungurwa kubva pamifungo yose yezvivi, ivo pachavo mweya. Mitsara yegehena muOrthodoxy inofananidzwa nehuwandu hwezvivi zvinozivikanwa zvechivi - maitiro akaipa, zvaunoda kubvisa munguva yehupenyu hwako:
- kuzvikudza;
- godo;
- hasha;
- usimbe (kukanganisa);
- makaro, makaro;
- unokara;
- ufeve uye kuchiva.
Vose maKaturike neOrthodox mahedheni egehena haatongonzwisisiki nemafungiro ekusafa uye mweya, asi hakuna munhu anogona kuziva izvo zvinotarisirwa mushure mekufa, kunyange Bhaibheri risingatauri nezvenzvimbo yevatadzi, saka kwemazana emakore vanhu vaifanira kuziva The underworld. Dante akakwanisa kuita izvi zvakanakisisa. Pamberi mudetembi weItaly, hapana munhu akanga arondedzera gehena nenzira yakadaro, mumasara uye zviso. Iyo "nyanzvi yemuMwari" nemafungiro ayo akajeka haagoni kutumidzwa chechokwadi kana chakaipa, sezvo pasina munhu anogona kugonesa mazwi aDante uye avatsoropodza.